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Nano Research 2023, 16(4): 4855-4866 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-4044-1
Review Article | Issue | Published: 17 January 2022

In situ Raman, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopic studies in fuel cells and rechargeable batteries

Show Author's Information Fan Gao1,§,  Xiang-Dong Tian1,§,  Jia-Sheng Lin1,  Jin-Chao Dong1,  Xiu-Mei Lin2( ),  Jian-Feng Li1( )
Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Department of Chemistry and Environment Science, Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China

§ Fan Gao and Xiang-Dong Tian contributed equally to this work.

Keywords:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), fuel cells, X-ray diffraction (XRD), rechargeable batteries, Raman, in situ spectroscopy
Topics:
Fuel cellsSecondary batteries
Cite this article:
Gao F, Tian X-D, Lin J-S, et al. In situ Raman, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopic studies in fuel cells and rechargeable batteries. Nano Research, 2023, 16(4): 4855-4866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-4044-1
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Abstract Full text About this article

As state-of-the-art electrochemical energy conversion and storage (EECS) techniques, fuel cells and rechargeable batteries have achieved great success in the past decades. However, modern societies’ ever-growing demand in energy calls for EECS devices with high efficiency and enhanced performance, which mainly rely on the rational design of catalysts, electrode materials, and electrode/electrolyte interfaces in EESC, based on in-deep and comprehensive mechanistic understanding of the relevant electrochemical redox reactions. Such an understanding can be realized by monitoring the dynamic redox reaction processes under realistic operation conditions using in situ techniques, such as in situ Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. These techniques can provide characteristic spectroscopic information of molecules and/or crystals, which are sensitive to structure/phase changes resulted from different electrochemical working conditions, hence allowing for intermediates identification and mechanisms understanding. This review described and summarized recent progress in the in situ studies of fuel cells and rechargeable batteries via Raman, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopy. The applications of these in situ techniques on typical electrocatalytic electrooxidation reaction and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells, on representative high capacity and/or resource abundance cathodes and anodes, and on the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) in rechargeable batteries are discussed. We discuss how these techniques promote the development of novel EECS systems and highlight their critical importance in future EECS research.


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About this article

In situ Raman, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopic studies in fuel cells and rechargeable batteries

Show Author's information Fan Gao1,§, Xiang-Dong Tian1,§, Jia-Sheng Lin1, Jin-Chao Dong1, Xiu-Mei Lin2( ), Jian-Feng Li1( )
Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Department of Chemistry and Environment Science, Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China

§ Fan Gao and Xiang-Dong Tian contributed equally to this work.

Abstract

As state-of-the-art electrochemical energy conversion and storage (EECS) techniques, fuel cells and rechargeable batteries have achieved great success in the past decades. However, modern societies’ ever-growing demand in energy calls for EECS devices with high efficiency and enhanced performance, which mainly rely on the rational design of catalysts, electrode materials, and electrode/electrolyte interfaces in EESC, based on in-deep and comprehensive mechanistic understanding of the relevant electrochemical redox reactions. Such an understanding can be realized by monitoring the dynamic redox reaction processes under realistic operation conditions using in situ techniques, such as in situ Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. These techniques can provide characteristic spectroscopic information of molecules and/or crystals, which are sensitive to structure/phase changes resulted from different electrochemical working conditions, hence allowing for intermediates identification and mechanisms understanding. This review described and summarized recent progress in the in situ studies of fuel cells and rechargeable batteries via Raman, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopy. The applications of these in situ techniques on typical electrocatalytic electrooxidation reaction and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells, on representative high capacity and/or resource abundance cathodes and anodes, and on the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) in rechargeable batteries are discussed. We discuss how these techniques promote the development of novel EECS systems and highlight their critical importance in future EECS research.

Keywords: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), fuel cells, X-ray diffraction (XRD), rechargeable batteries, Raman, in situ spectroscopy

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Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 05 October 2021
Revised: 27 November 2021
Accepted: 05 December 2021
Published: 17 January 2022
Issue date: April 2023

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2020YFB1505800 and 2019YFA0705400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Nos. 201925404, 21902137, 22005130, and 22021001), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos. 20720210069 and 20720210043), and the Science and Technology Planning Project of Fujian Province (No. 2019Y4001).

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