Nanostructure@metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for catalytic carbon dioxide (CO₂) conversion in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and thermal catalysis

The catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into high value-added chemicals is of great significance to address the pressing carbon cycle issues. Reticular chemistry of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based materials exhibits great potential and effectiveness to face CO₂ challenge from capture to conversion. To date, the integrated nanocomposites of nanostructure and MOF have emerged as a powerful heterogeneous catalysts featured with multifold advantages including synergistic effects between the two interfaces, confinement effect of meso- and micropores, tandem reaction triggered by multiple active sites, high stability and dispersion, and so on. Given burgeoning carbon cycle and nanostructure@MOFs, this review highlights some of important advancements to provide a full understanding on the synthesis and design of nanostructure@MOFs composites to facilitate carbon cycle through CO₂ photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and thermal conversion. Afterward, the catalytic applications of some representative nanostructure@MOFs composites are categorized, in which the origin of activity or structure-activity relationship is summarized. Finally, the opportunities and challenges are proposed for inspiring the future development of nanostructure@MOFs composites for carbon cycle.