Journal Home > Volume 15 , Issue 3
Nano Research 2022, 15(3): 1892-1900 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3795-z
Research Article | Issue | Published: 26 August 2021

Hydrogen-assisted scalable preparation of ultrathin Pt shells onto surfactant-free and uniform Pd nanoparticles for highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction in practical fuel cells

Show Author's Information Liuxuan Luo1,  Cehuang Fu1,  Aiming Wu1,  Zechao Zhuang2,  Fengjuan Zhu1,  Fangling Jiang3,  Shuiyun Shen1,  Xiyang Cai1,  Qi Kang4,  Zhifeng Zheng1,  Chenyi Hu1,  Jiewei Yin1,  Guofeng Xia1,  Junliang Zhang1( )
Institute of Fuel Cells, Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of MOE, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Keywords:
palladium, oxygen reduction reaction, platinum, core@shell nanostructure, scalable preparation, proton-exchange membrane fuel cell
Topics:
Oxygen evolution reaction
Cite this article:
Luo L, Fu C, Wu A, et al. Hydrogen-assisted scalable preparation of ultrathin Pt shells onto surfactant-free and uniform Pd nanoparticles for highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction in practical fuel cells. Nano Research, 2022, 15(3): 1892-1900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3795-z
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

699

Views

61

Downloads

Citations

27

Crossref

28

WoS

25

Scopus

10

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Concentrating active Pt atoms in the outer layers of electrocatalysts is a very effective approach to greatly reduce the Pt loading without compromising the electrocatalytic performance and the total electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in hydrogen-based proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Accordingly, a facile, low-cost, and hydrogen-assisted two-step method is developed in this work, to massively prepare carbon-supported uniform, small-sized, and surfactant-free Pd nanoparticles (NPs) with ultrathin ~3-atomic-layer Pt shells (Pd@Pt3L NPs/C). Comprehensive physicochemical characterizations, electrochemical analyses, fuel cell tests, and density functional theory calculations reveal that, benefiting from the ultrathin Pt-shell nanostructure as well as the resulting ligand and geometric effects, Pd@Pt3L NPs/C exhibits not only significantly enhanced ECSA, electrocatalytic activity, and noble-metal (NM) utilization compared to commercial Pt/C, showing 81.24 m2/gPt, 0.710 mA/cm2, and 352/577 mA/mgNM/Pt in ECSA, area-, and NM-/Pt-mass-specific activity, respectively; but also a much better electrochemical stability during the 10,000-cycle accelerated degradation test. More importantly, the corresponding 25-cm2 H2-air/O2 fuel cell with the low cathodic Pt loading of ~ 0.152 mgPt/cm2geo achieves the high power density of 0.962/1.261 W/cm2geo at the current density of only 1,600 mA/cm2geo, which is much higher than that for the commercial Pt/C. This work not only develops a high-performance and practical Pt-based ORR electrocatalyst, but also provides a scalable preparation method for fabricating the ultrathin Pt-shell nanostructure, which can be further expanded to other metal shells for other energy-conversion applications.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Hydrogen-assisted scalable preparation of ultrathin Pt shells onto surfactant-free and uniform Pd nanoparticles for highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction in practical fuel cells

Show Author's information Liuxuan Luo1, Cehuang Fu1, Aiming Wu1, Zechao Zhuang2, Fengjuan Zhu1, Fangling Jiang3, Shuiyun Shen1, Xiyang Cai1, Qi Kang4, Zhifeng Zheng1, Chenyi Hu1, Jiewei Yin1, Guofeng Xia1, Junliang Zhang1( )
Institute of Fuel Cells, Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of MOE, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
The State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Abstract

Concentrating active Pt atoms in the outer layers of electrocatalysts is a very effective approach to greatly reduce the Pt loading without compromising the electrocatalytic performance and the total electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in hydrogen-based proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Accordingly, a facile, low-cost, and hydrogen-assisted two-step method is developed in this work, to massively prepare carbon-supported uniform, small-sized, and surfactant-free Pd nanoparticles (NPs) with ultrathin ~3-atomic-layer Pt shells (Pd@Pt3L NPs/C). Comprehensive physicochemical characterizations, electrochemical analyses, fuel cell tests, and density functional theory calculations reveal that, benefiting from the ultrathin Pt-shell nanostructure as well as the resulting ligand and geometric effects, Pd@Pt3L NPs/C exhibits not only significantly enhanced ECSA, electrocatalytic activity, and noble-metal (NM) utilization compared to commercial Pt/C, showing 81.24 m2/gPt, 0.710 mA/cm2, and 352/577 mA/mgNM/Pt in ECSA, area-, and NM-/Pt-mass-specific activity, respectively; but also a much better electrochemical stability during the 10,000-cycle accelerated degradation test. More importantly, the corresponding 25-cm2 H2-air/O2 fuel cell with the low cathodic Pt loading of ~ 0.152 mgPt/cm2geo achieves the high power density of 0.962/1.261 W/cm2geo at the current density of only 1,600 mA/cm2geo, which is much higher than that for the commercial Pt/C. This work not only develops a high-performance and practical Pt-based ORR electrocatalyst, but also provides a scalable preparation method for fabricating the ultrathin Pt-shell nanostructure, which can be further expanded to other metal shells for other energy-conversion applications.

Keywords: palladium, oxygen reduction reaction, platinum, core@shell nanostructure, scalable preparation, proton-exchange membrane fuel cell

References(64)

1

Wang, Y. J.; Zhao, N. N.; Fang, B. Z.; Li, H.; Bi, X. T.; Wang, H. J. Carbon-supported Pt-based alloy electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Particle size, shape, and composition manipulation and their impact to activity. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 3433–3467.
DOI Google Scholar
2

Luo, L. X.; Fu, C. H.; Yang, F.; Li, X. L.; Jiang, F. L.; Guo, Y. G.; Zhu, F. J.; Yang, L. J.; Shen, S. Y.; Zhang, J. L. Composition-graded Cu–Pd nanospheres with Ir-doped surfaces on N-doped porous graphene for highly efficient ethanol electro-oxidation in alkaline media. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 1171–1184.
DOI Google Scholar
3

Nie, Y.; Li, L.; Wei, Z. D. Recent advancements in Pt and Pt-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 2168–2201.
DOI Google Scholar
4

Zhuang, Z. C.; Li, Y.; Huang, J. Z.; Li, Z. L.; Zhao, K. N.; Zhao, Y. L.; Xu, L.; Zhou, L.; Moskaleva, L. V.; Mai, L. Q. Sisyphus effects in hydrogen electrochemistry on metal silicides enabled by silicene subunit edge. Sci. Bull. 2019, 64, 617–624.
DOI Google Scholar
5

Luo, L. X.; Fu, C. H.; Yan, X. H.; Shen, S. Y.; Yang, F.; Guo, Y. G.; Zhu, F. J.; Yang, L. J.; Zhang, J. L. Promoting effects of Au submonolayer shells on structure-designed Cu-Pd/Ir nanospheres: Greatly enhanced activity and durability for alkaline ethanol electro-oxidation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 25961–25971.
DOI Google Scholar
6

Seh, Z. W.; Kibsgaard, J.; Dickens, C. F.; Chorkendorff, I.; Nørskov, J. K.; Jaramillo, T. F. Combining theory and experiment in electrocatalysis: Insights into materials design. Science 2017, 355, eaad4998.
DOI Google Scholar
7
Lou, W. H.; Ali, A.; Shen, P. K. Recent development of Au arched Pt nanomaterials as promising electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation reaction. Nano Res. in press, DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-3461-5.
8

Zhang, R. S.; Hanaoka, T. Deployment of electric vehicles in China to meet the carbon neutral target by 2060: Provincial disparities in energy systems, CO2 emissions, and cost effectiveness. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2021, 170, 105622.
DOI Google Scholar
9

Luo, L. X.; Zhu, F. J.; Tian, R. X.; Li, L.; Shen, S. Y.; Yan, X. H.; Zhang, J. L. Composition-graded PdxNi1–x nanospheres with Pt monolayer shells as high-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 5420–5430.
DOI Google Scholar
10

Shao, M. H.; Chang, Q. W.; Dodelet, J. P.; Chenitz, R. Recent advances in electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 3594–3657.
DOI Google Scholar
11

Zhuang, Z. C.; Li, Y.; Li, Y. H.; Huang, J. Z.; Wei, B.; Sun, R.; Ren, Y. J.; Ding, J.; Zhu, J. X.; Lang, Z. Q. et al. Atomically dispersed nonmagnetic electron traps improve oxygen reduction activity of perovskite oxides. Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 1016–1028.
DOI Google Scholar
12

Luo, L. X.; Fu, C. H.; Shen, S. Y.; Zhu, F. J.; Zhang, J. L. Probing structure-designed Cu–Pd nanospheres and their Pt-monolayer-shell derivatives as high-performance electrocatalysts for alkaline and acidic oxygen reduction reactions. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 22389–22400.
DOI Google Scholar
13

Wang, X. X.; Swihart, M. T.; Wu, G. Achievements, challenges and perspectives on cathode catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells for transportation. Nat. Catal. 2019, 2, 578–589.
DOI Google Scholar
14

Jin, H. H.; Zhou, H.; Ji, P. X.; Zhang, C. T.; Luo, J. H.; Zeng, W. H.; Hu, C. X.; He, D. P.; Mu, S. C. ZIF-8/LiFePO4 derived Fe-N-P co-doped carbon nanotube encapsulated Fe2P nanoparticles for efficient oxygen reduction and Zn-air batteries. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 818–823.
DOI Google Scholar
15

Li, J. C.; Zhong, H.; Xu, M. J.; Li, T.; Wang, L. G.; Shi, Q. R.; Feng, S.; Lyu, Z. Y.; Liu, D.; Du, D. et al. Boosting the activity of Fe–Nx moieties in Fe–N–C electrocatalysts via phosphorus doping for oxygen reduction reaction. Sci. China Mater. 2020, 63, 965–971.
Google Scholar
16

Luo, E. G.; Wang, C.; Li, Y.; Wang, X.; Gong, L. Y.; Zhao, T.; Jin, Z.; Ge, J. J.; Liu, C. P.; Xing, W. Accelerated oxygen reduction on Fe/N/C catalysts derived from precisely-designed ZIF precursors. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 2420–2426.
DOI Google Scholar
17

Ni, B. X.; Chen, R.; Wu, L. M.; Sun, P. C.; Chen, T. H. Encapsulated FeP nanoparticles with in-situ formed P-doped graphene layers: Boosting activity in oxygen reduction reaction. Sci. China Mater. 2021, 64, 1159–1172.
DOI Google Scholar
18

Wu, W. J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, D.; Chen, W. X.; Song, Z. Y.; Wang, X. M.; Zheng, Y. M.; Lu, N.; Wang, C. X.; Mao, J. J. et al. Single copper sites dispersed on hierarchically porous carbon for improving oxygen reduction reaction towards zinc-air battery. Nano Res. 2021, 14, 998–1003.
DOI Google Scholar
19

Kim, J.; Hong, Y. J.; Lee, K.; Kim, J. Y. Highly stable Pt-based ternary systems for oxygen reduction reaction in acidic electrolytes. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2002049.
DOI Google Scholar
20

Wang, X. Q.; Li, Z. J.; Qu, Y. T.; Yuan, T. W.; Wang, W. Y.; Wu, Y. E.; Li, Y. D. Review of metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: From nanoscale engineering to atomic design. Chem 2019, 5, 1486–1511.
DOI Google Scholar
21

Liu, Z. Y.; Zhao, Z. P.; Peng, B. S.; Duan, X. F.; Huang, Y. Beyond extended surfaces: Understanding the oxygen reduction reaction on nanocatalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 17812–17827.
DOI Google Scholar
22

Wang, Y.; Wang, D. S.; Li, Y. D. A fundamental comprehension and recent progress in advanced Pt-based ORR nanocatalysts. SmartMat 2021, 2, 56–75.
DOI Google Scholar
23

Zhu, F. J.; Luo, L. X.; Wu, A. M.; Wang, C.; Cheng, X. J.; Shen, S. Y.; Ke, C. C.; Yang, H.; Zhang, J. L. Improving the high-current-density performance of PEMFC through much enhanced utilization of platinum electrocatalysts on carbon. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 26076–26083.
DOI Google Scholar
24

Cheng, H. Y.; Cao, Z. M.; Chen, Z. T.; Zhao, M.; Xie, M. H.; Lyu, Z. H.; Zhu, Z. H.; Chi, M. F.; Xia, Y. N. Catalytic system based on sub-2 nm Pt particles and its extraordinary activity and durability for oxygen reduction. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 4997–5002.
DOI Google Scholar
25

Zhu, S. Y.; Wang, X.; Luo, E. G.; Yang, L. T.; Chu, Y. Y.; Gao, L. Q.; Jin, Z.; Liu, C. P.; Ge, J. J.; Xing, W. Stabilized Pt cluster-based catalysts used as low-loading cathode in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 3021–3028.
DOI Google Scholar
26

Ao, X.; Zhang, W.; Zhao, B. T.; Ding, Y.; Nam, G.; Soule, L.; Abdelhafiz, A.; Wang, C. D.; Liu, M. L. Atomically dispersed Fe–N–C decorated with Pt-alloy core–shell nanoparticles for improved activity and durability towards oxygen reduction. Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 3032–3040.
DOI Google Scholar
27

Ma, Z. H.; Tian, H.; Meng, G.; Peng, L. X.; Chen, Y. F.; Chen, C.; Chang, Z. W.; Cui, X. Z.; Wang, L. J.; Jiang, W. et al. Size effects of platinum particles@CNT on HER and ORR performance. Sci. China Mater. 2020, 63, 2517–2529.
DOI Google Scholar
28

Gong, M. X.; Deng, Z. P.; Xiao, D. D.; Han, L. L.; Zhao, T. H.; Lu, Y.; Shen, T.; Liu, X. P.; Lin, R. Q.; Huang, T. et al. One-nanometer-thick Pt3Ni bimetallic alloy nanowires advanced oxygen reduction reaction: Integrating multiple advantages into one catalyst. ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 4488–4494.
DOI Google Scholar
29

Zhu, X. X.; Huang, L.; Wei, M.; Tsiakaras, P.; Shen, P. K. Highly stable Pt-Co nanodendrite in nanoframe with Pt skin structured catalyst for oxygen reduction electrocatalysis. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2021, 281, 119460.
DOI Google Scholar
30

Jung, W. S.; Lee, W. H.; Oh, H. S.; Popov, B. N. Highly stable and ordered intermetallic PtCo alloy catalyst supported on graphitized carbon containing Co@CN for oxygen reduction reaction. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 19833–19842.
DOI Google Scholar
31

Lu, B. A.; Shen, L. F.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Q. H.; Wan, L. Y.; Morris, D. J.; Wang, R. X.; Zhou, Z. Y.; Li, G.; Sheng, T. et al. Structurally disordered phosphorus-doped Pt as a highly active electrocatalyst for an oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 355–363.
DOI Google Scholar
32

Lim, S. Y.; Martin, S.; Gao, G. H.; Dou, Y. B.; Simonsen, S. B.; Jensen, J. O.; Li, Q. F.; Norrman, K.; Jing, S.; Zhang, W. J. Self-standing nanofiber electrodes with Pt–Co derived from electrospun zeolitic imidazolate framework for high temperature PEM fuel cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2006771.
DOI Google Scholar
33

Lopes, P. P.; Li, D. G.; Lv, H. F.; Wang, C.; Tripkovic, D.; Zhu, Y. S.; Schimmenti, R.; Daimon, H.; Kang, Y. J.; Snyder, J. et al. Eliminating dissolution of platinum-based electrocatalysts at the atomic scale. Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 1207–1214.
DOI Google Scholar
34

Liu, Q. B.; Du, L.; Fu, G. T.; Cui, Z. M.; Li, Y. T.; Dang, D.; Gao, X.; Zheng, Q.; Goodenough, J. B. Structurally ordered Fe3Pt nanoparticles on robust nitride support as a high performance catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1803040.
DOI Google Scholar
35

Ma, Y. L.; Kuhn, A. N.; Gao, W. P.; Al-Zoubi, T.; Du, H.; Pan, X. Q.; Yang, H. Strong electrostatic adsorption approach to the synthesis of sub-three nanometer intermetallic platinum–cobalt oxygen reduction catalysts. Nano Energy 2021, 79, 105465.
DOI Google Scholar
36

Zhao, X. R.; Cheng, H.; Song, L.; Han, L. L.; Zhang, R.; Kwon, G.; Ma, L.; Ehrlich, S. N.; Frenkel, A. I.; Yang, J. et al. Rhombohedral ordered intermetallic nanocatalyst boosts the oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 184–192.
DOI Google Scholar
37

Tao, L.; Huang, B. L.; Jin, F. D.; Yang, Y.; Luo, M. C.; Sun, M. Z.; Liu, Q.; Gao, F. M.; Guo, S. J. Atomic PdAu interlayer sandwiched into Pd/Pt core/shell nanowires achieves superstable oxygen reduction catalysis. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 11570–11578.
DOI Google Scholar
38

Lyu, X.; Jia, Y.; Mao, X.; Li, D. H.; Li, G.; Zhuang, L. Z.; Wang, X.; Yang, D. J.; Wang, Q.; Du, A. J. et al. Gradient-concentration design of stable core-shell nanostructure for acidic oxygen reduction electrocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2003493.
DOI Google Scholar
39

Liang, Y. Y.; Lei, H.; Wang, S. J.; Wang, Z. L.; Mai, W. J. Pt/Zn heterostructure as efficient air-electrocatalyst for long-life neutral Zn-air batteries. Sci. China Mater. 2021, 64, 1868–1875.
DOI Google Scholar
40

Kühl, S.; Gocyla, M.; Heyen, H.; Selve, S.; Heggen, M.; Dunin-Borkowski, R. E.; Strasser, P. Concave curvature facets benefit oxygen electroreduction catalysis on octahedral shaped PtNi nanocatalysts. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 1149–1159.
DOI Google Scholar
41

Bu, L. Z.; Huang, B. L.; Zhu, Y. M.; Ning, F. D.; Zhou, X. C.; Huang, X. Q. Highly distorted platinum nanorods for high-efficiency fuel cell catalysis. CCS Chem. 2020, 2, 401–412.
DOI Google Scholar
42

Tu, W. Z.; Chen, K.; Zhu, L. J.; Zai, H. C.; Bin, E.; Ke, X. X.; Chen, C. F.; Sui, M. L.; Chen, Q.; Li, Y. J. Tungsten-doping-induced surface reconstruction of porous ternary Pt-based alloy electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1807070.
DOI Google Scholar
43

Liu, M. K.; Lyu, Z. H.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, R. H.; Xie, M. H.; Xia, Y. N. Twin-directed deposition of Pt on Pd icosahedral nanocrystals for catalysts with enhanced activity and durability toward oxygen reduction. Nano Lett. 2021, 21, 2248–2254.
DOI Google Scholar
44

Li, J. R.; Sharma, S.; Wei, K. C.; Chen, Z. T.; Morris, D.; Lin, H. H.; Zeng, C.; Chi, M. F.; Yin, Z. Y.; Muzzio, M. et al. Anisotropic strain tuning of L10 ternary nanoparticles for oxygen reduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 19209–19216.
DOI Google Scholar
45

Li, J. R.; Sharma, S.; Liu, X. M.; Pan, Y. T.; Spendelow, J. S.; Chi, M. F.; Jia, Y. K.; Zhang, P.; Cullen, D. A.; Xi, Z. et al. Hard-magnet L10-CoPt nanoparticles advance fuel cell catalysis. Joule 2019, 3, 124–135.
DOI Google Scholar
46

Wang, W. C.; Li, X.; He, T. O.; Liu, Y. M.; Jin, M. S. Engineering surface structure of Pt nanoshells on Pd nanocubes to preferentially expose active surfaces for ORR by manipulating the growth kinetics. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 1743–1748.
DOI Google Scholar
47

Zhu, E. B.; Xue, W.; Wang, S. Y.; Yan, X. C.; Zhou, J. X.; Liu, Y.; Cai, J.; Liu, E. S.; Jia, Q. Y.; Duan, X. F. et al. Enhancement of oxygen reduction reaction activity by grain boundaries in platinum nanostructures. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 3310–3314.
DOI Google Scholar
48

Zhao, T.; Luo, E. G.; Li, Y.; Wang, X.; Liu, C. P.; Xing, W.; Ge, J. J. Highly dispersed L10-PtZn intermetallic catalyst for efficient oxygen reduction. Sci. China Mater. 2021, 64, 1671–1678.
DOI Google Scholar
49

Cai, B.; Hübner, R.; Sasaki, K.; Zhang, Y. Z.; Su, D.; Ziegler, C.; Vukmirovic, M. B.; Rellinghaus, B.; Adzic, R. R.; Eychmüller, A. Core–shell structuring of pure metallic aerogels towards highly efficient platinum utilization for the oxygen reduction reaction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 2963–2966.
DOI Google Scholar
50

Zhao, R. P.; Liu, Y.; Liu, C.; Xu, G. R.; Chen, Y.; Tang, Y. W.; Lu, T. H. Pd@Pt core–shell tetrapods as highly active and stable electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 20855–20860.
DOI Google Scholar
51

Zhang, G.; Shao, Z. G.; Lu, W. T.; Xie, F.; Xiao, H.; Qin, X. P.; Yi, B. L. Core–shell Pt modified Pd/C as an active and durable electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in PEMFCs. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2013, 132-133, 183–194.
DOI Google Scholar
52

Hu, Y. M.; Zhu, M. Z.; Luo, X.; Wu, G.; Chao, T. T.; Qu, Y. T.; Zhou, F. Y.; Sun, R. B.; Han, X.; Li, H. et al. Coplanar Pt/C nanomeshes with ultrastable oxygen reduction performance in fuel cells. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 6533–6538.
DOI Google Scholar
53

Chen, G. Y.; Kuttiyiel, K. A.; Li, M.; Su, D.; Du, L.; Du, C. Y.; Gao, Y. Z.; Fei, W. D.; Yin, G. P.; Sasaki, K. et al. Correlating the electrocatalytic stability of platinum monolayer catalysts with their structural evolution in the oxygen reduction reaction. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 20725–20736.
DOI Google Scholar
54

Zhao, Y. P.; Tao, L.; Dang, W.; Wang, L. L.; Xia, M. R.; Wang, B.; Liu, M. M.; Gao, F. M.; Zhang, J. J.; Zhao, Y. F. High-indexed PtNi alloy skin spiraled on Pd nanowires for highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction catalysis. Small 2019, 15, 1900288.
DOI Google Scholar
55

Xiong, Y. L.; Shan, H.; Zhou, Z. N.; Yan, Y. C.; Chen, W. L.; Yang, Y. X.; Liu, Y. F.; Tian, H.; Wu, J. B.; Zhang, H. et al. Tuning surface structure and strain in Pd-Pt core–shell nanocrystals for enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Small 2017, 13, 1603423.
DOI Google Scholar
56

Lei, W. J.; Li, M. G.; He, L.; Meng, X.; Mu, Z. J.; Yu, Y. S.; Ross, F. M.; Yang, W. W. A general strategy for bimetallic Pt-based nano-branched structures as highly active and stable oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation bifunctional catalysts. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 638–645.
DOI Google Scholar
57

Li, J.; Zhou, Q. Y.; Yue, M. F.; Chen, S. G.; Deng, J. H.; Ping, X. Y.; Li, Y.; Li, J.; Liao, Q.; Shao, M. H. et al. Cross-linked multi-atom Pt catalyst for highly efficient oxygen reduction catalysis. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2021, 284, 119728.
DOI Google Scholar
58

Zhang, L.; Zhao, Y.; Banis, M. N.; Adair, K.; Song, Z. X.; Yang, L. J.; Markiewicz, M.; Li, J. J.; Wang, S. Z.; Li, R. Y. et al. Rational design of porous structures via molecular layer deposition as an effective stabilizer for enhancing Pt ORR performance. Nano Energy 2019, 60, 111–118.
DOI Google Scholar
59

Guan, J. Y.; Zan, Y. X.; Shao, R.; Niu, J.; Dou, M. L.; Zhu, B. N.; Zhang, Z. P.; Wang, F. Phase segregated Pt–SnO2/C nanohybrids for highly efficient oxygen reduction electrocatalysis. Small 2020, 16, 2005048.
DOI Google Scholar
60

Choi, J.; Lee, Y. J.; Park, D.; Jeong, H.; Shin, S.; Yun, H.; Lim, J.; Han, J. H.; Kim, E. J.; Jeon, S. S. et al. Highly durable fuel cell catalysts using crosslinkable block copolymer-based carbon supports with ultralow Pt loadings. Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 4921–4929.
DOI Google Scholar
61

Yang, J. C.; Kang, D.; Jeon, Y.; Lee, J. H.; Jeong, H. Y.; Shin, H. S.; Song, H. K. Sphere-to-multipod transmorphic change of nanoconfined Pt electrocatalyst during oxygen reduction reaction. Small 2019, 15, 1802228.
DOI Google Scholar
62

Kongkanand, A.; Mathias, M. F. The priority and challenge of high-power performance of low-platinum proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7, 1127–1137.
DOI Google Scholar
63

Shen, S. Y.; Cheng, X. J.; Wang, C.; Yan, X. H.; Ke, C. C.; Yin, J. W.; Zhang, J. L. Exploration of significant influences of the operating conditions on the local O2 transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2017, 19, 26221–26229.
DOI Google Scholar
64

Wakisaka, M.; Mitsui, S.; Hirose, Y.; Kawashima, K.; Uchida, H.; Watanabe, M. Electronic structures of Pt–Co and Pt–Ru alloys for CO-tolerant anode catalysts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells studied by EC–XPS. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 23489–23496.
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 07 July 2021
Revised: 03 August 2021
Accepted: 04 August 2021
Published: 26 August 2021
Issue date: March 2022

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21975157), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2021M692062), and the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 20511104004). The XAFS measurements were performed at the BL14W1 beamline of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The DFT calculations were run on the π 2.0 cluster supported by the Center for High Performance Computing at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

Return