Abstract
A continuous synthesis method for the less than 10 nm core–shell upconversion nanoparticles was developed via coiled tube embedded flask reactors and a flow solvothermal co-participation reaction up to 300 ℃. Fast nucleation of hexagonal nanocrystals in less than 9 min residence time was achieved owing to the excellent heating ability of the reactors, and a two-step reaction strategy was created for the synthesis of β-NaYF4: Gd, Yb, Er/Ho/Tm@NaYF4 particles without intermediate purification.
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