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Review Article

Laser-induced graphene for bioelectronics and soft actuators

Yadong Xu1, Qihui Fei1, Margaret Page2, Ganggang Zhao2, Yun Ling2, Dick Chen3, Zheng Yan1,2( )
Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
Rock Bridge High School, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA
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Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Laser-assisted process can enable facile, mask-free, large-area, inexpensive, customizable, and miniaturized patterning of laser-induced porous graphene (LIG) on versatile carbonaceous substrates (e.g., polymers, wood, food, textiles) in a programmed manner at ambient conditions. Together with high tailorability of its porosity, morphology, composition, and electrical conductivity, LIG can find wide applications in emerging bioelectronics (e.g., biophysical and biochemical sensing) and soft robots (e.g., soft actuators). In this review paper, we first introduce the methods to make LIG on various carbonaceous substrates and then discuss its electrical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties and biocompatibility that are critical for applications in bioelectronics and soft robots. Next, we overview the recent studies of LIG-based biophysical (e.g., strain, pressure, temperature, hydration, humidity, electrophysiological) sensors and biochemical (e.g., gases, electrolytes, metabolites, pathogens, nucleic acids, immunology) sensors. The applications of LIG in flexible energy generators and photodetectors are also introduced. In addition, LIG-enabled soft actuators that can respond to chemicals, electricity, and light stimulus are overviewed. Finally, we briefly discuss the future challenges and opportunities of LIG fabrications and applications.

Keywords

bioelectronicslaser-induced graphenebiophysical sensorsbiochemical sensorssoft actuators

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Nano Research
Volume 14 Issue 9,
September 2021
Pages 3033-3050
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-3441-9
Cite this article:
Xu Y, Fei Q, Page M, et al. Laser-induced graphene for bioelectronics and soft actuators. Nano Research, 2021, 14(9): 3033-3050. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3441-9
Topics:
Graphene devices
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Seventh Nano Research Award

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Received: 13 November 2020
Revised: 06 March 2021
Accepted: 07 March 2021
Published: 07 April 2021
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021
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