Nanomaterial-based strategies in antimicrobial applications: Progress and perspectives

The dramatic increase of microbial resistances against conventional available antibiotics is a huge challenge to the effective treatment of infectious disease and thus becoming a daunting global threat of major concern, which necessitates the development of innovative therapeutics. Nanomaterial-based antimicrobial strategies have emerged as novel and promising tools to combat lethal bacteria and recalcitrant biofilm, featuring the abilities to evade existing drug resistance-related mechanisms. In this review, recent advances in "state-of-the-art" nanosystems which acting either as inherent therapeutics or nanocarriers for the precise delivery of antibiotics, are comprehensively summarized. Those nanosystems can effectively accumulate at the infectious sites, achieve multifunctional synergistic antibacterial efficacy, and provide controlled release of antibiotics in response to endogenous or exogenous stimulus (e.g., low pH, enzymes, or illumination). Especially, the nanoplatform that integrated with photothermal/ photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT) can enhance the bacterial destruction and biofilm penetration or ablation. In addition, nanoparticle- based approaches with enzymatically promoting bacterial killing, anti-virulence, and other mechanisms were also involved. Overall, this review provides crucial insights into the recent progress and remaining limitations of various antimicrobial nanotherapeutic strategies, and enlightens the further developments in this field simultaneously, which eventually benefiting public health.