Journal Home > Volume 14 , Issue 12
Nano Research 2021, 14(12): 4398-4416 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3412-9
Review Article | Issue | Published: 07 April 2021

Single atom catalysts by atomic diffusion strategy

Show Author's Information Lihong Lin,  Zhuo Chen( ),  Wenxing Chen( )
Energy & Catalysis Center, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China
Keywords:
gas diffusion, single atomic catalyst, solid diffusion, liquid diffusion
Topics:
Catalysis
Cite this article:
Lin L, Chen Z, Chen W. Single atom catalysts by atomic diffusion strategy. Nano Research, 2021, 14(12): 4398-4416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3412-9
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

890

Views

57

Downloads

Citations

52

Crossref

50

WoS

47

Scopus

3

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

The depletion of energy and increasing environmental pressure have become one of the main challenges in the world today. Synthetic high-efficiency catalysts bring hope for efficient conversion of energy and effective treatment of pollutants, especially, single-atom catalysts (SACs) are promising candidates. Herein, we comprehensively summarizes the atomic diffusion strategy, which is considered as an effective method to prepare a series of SACs. According to the different diffusion forms of the precursors, we review the synthesis pathways of SACs from three aspects: gas diffusion, solid diffusion and liquid diffusion. The gaseous diffusion method mainly discusses atomic layer deposition (ALD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), both of which carry out gas phase mass transfer at high temperatures. The solid-state diffusion method can be divided into nanoparticle transformation into single atoms and solid atom migration. Liquid diffusion mainly describes the electrochemical method and the molten salt method. We hope this review can trigger the rational design of SACs.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Single atom catalysts by atomic diffusion strategy

Show Author's information Lihong Lin, Zhuo Chen( ), Wenxing Chen( )
Energy & Catalysis Center, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing100081China

Abstract

The depletion of energy and increasing environmental pressure have become one of the main challenges in the world today. Synthetic high-efficiency catalysts bring hope for efficient conversion of energy and effective treatment of pollutants, especially, single-atom catalysts (SACs) are promising candidates. Herein, we comprehensively summarizes the atomic diffusion strategy, which is considered as an effective method to prepare a series of SACs. According to the different diffusion forms of the precursors, we review the synthesis pathways of SACs from three aspects: gas diffusion, solid diffusion and liquid diffusion. The gaseous diffusion method mainly discusses atomic layer deposition (ALD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), both of which carry out gas phase mass transfer at high temperatures. The solid-state diffusion method can be divided into nanoparticle transformation into single atoms and solid atom migration. Liquid diffusion mainly describes the electrochemical method and the molten salt method. We hope this review can trigger the rational design of SACs.

Keywords: gas diffusion, single atomic catalyst, solid diffusion, liquid diffusion

References(111)

1

Zhang, N. Q.; Ye, C. L.; Yan, H.; Li, L. C.; He, H.; Wang, D. S.; Li, Y. D. Single-atom site catalysts for environmental catalysis. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 3165–3182.
DOI Google Scholar
2

Li, C. Single Co atom catalyst stabilized in C/N containing matrix. Chinese J. Catal. 2016, 37, 1443–1445.
DOI Google Scholar
3

Yang, X. F.; Wang, A. Q.; Qian, B. T.; Li, J.; Liu, J. Y.; Zhang, T. Single-atom catalysts: A new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis. Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1740–1748.
DOI Google Scholar
4

Li, S. W.; Liu, J. J.; Yin, Z.; Ren, P. J.; Lin, L. L.; Gong, Y.; Yang, C.; Zheng, X. S.; Cao, R. C.; Yao, S. Y. et al. Impact of the coordination environment on atomically dispersed Pt catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 907–913.
DOI Google Scholar
5

Choi, C. H.; Kim, M.; Kwon, H. C.; Cho, S. J.; Yun, S.; Kim, H. T.; Mayrhofer, K. J. J.; Kim, H.; Choi, M. Tuning selectivity of electrochemical reactions by atomically dispersed platinum catalyst. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10922.
DOI Google Scholar
6

Sun, T. T.; Xu, L. B.; Wang, D. S.; Li, Y. D. Metal organic frameworks derived single atom catalysts for electrocatalytic energy conversion. Nano Res. 2019, 12, 2067–2080.
DOI Google Scholar
7

Shang, H. S.; Wang, T.; Pei, J. J; Jiang, Z. L.; Zhou, D. N.; Wang, Y.; Li, H. J.; Dong, J. C.; Zhuang, Z. B.; Chen, W. X. et al. Design of a single-atom indiumδ+–N4 interface for efficient electroreduction of CO2 to formate. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 22465–22469.
DOI Google Scholar
8

Qiao, B. T.; Liang, J. X.; Wang, A. Q.; Xu, C. Q.; Li, J.; Zhang, T.; Liu, J. J. Ultrastable single-atom gold catalysts with strong covalent metal-support interaction (CMSI). Nano Res. 2015, 8, 2913–2924.
DOI Google Scholar
9

Zhuang, Z. C.; Kang, Q.; Wang, D. S.; Li, Y. D. Single-atom catalysis enables long-life, high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 1856–1866.
DOI Google Scholar
10

Qiao, B. T.; Wang, A. Q.; Yang, X. F.; Allard, L. F.; Jiang, Z.; Cui, Y. T.; Liu, J. Y.; Li, J.; Zhang, T. Single-atom catalysis of CO oxidation using Pt1/FeOx. Nat. Chem. 2011, 3, 634–641.
DOI Google Scholar
11

Abbet, S.; Sanchez, A.; Heiz, U.; Schneider, W. -D.; Ferrari, A. -M.; Pacchioni, G.; Rösch, N. Acetylene cyclotrimerization on supported size-selected Pdn clusters (1 ≤ n ≤ 30): One atom is enough!. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3453–3457.
DOI Google Scholar
12

Long, X. D.; Li, Z. L.; Gao, G.; Sun, P.; Wang, J.; Zhang, B. S.; Zhong, J.; Jiang, Z.; Li, F. W. Graphitic phosphorus coordinated single Fe atoms for hydrogenative transformations. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 4074.
DOI Google Scholar
13

He, Q.; Tian, D.; Jiang, H. L.; Cao, D. F.; Wei, S. Q.; Liu, D. B.; Song, P.; Lin, Y.; Song, L. Achieving efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction over a Ni5P4 catalyst incorporating single-atomic Ru sites. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1906972.
DOI Google Scholar
14

Xuan, N. N.; Chen, J. H.; Shi, J. J.; Yue, Y. W.; Zhuang, P. Y.; Ba, K.; Sun, Y. Y.; Shen, J. F.; Liu, Y. Y.; Ge, B. H. et al. Single-atom electroplating on two dimensional materials. Chem. Mater. 2019, 31, 429–435.
DOI Google Scholar
15

Zhang, Z. R.; Feng, C.; Liu, C. X.; Zuo, M.; Qin, L.; Yan, X. P.; Xing, Y. L.; Li, H. L.; Si, R.; Zhou, S. M. et al. Electrochemical deposition as a universal route for fabricating single-atom catalysts. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1215.
DOI Google Scholar
16

Zhou, M.; Dick, J. E.; Bard, A. J. Electrodeposition of isolated platinum atoms and clusters on bismuth-characterization and electrocatalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 17677–17682.
DOI Google Scholar
17

Zhang, L. H.; Han, L. L.; Liu, H. X.; Liu, X. J.; Luo, J. Potential- cycling synthesis of single platinum atoms for efficient hydrogen evolution in neutral media. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 13694–13698.
DOI Google Scholar
18

Huang, X. H.; Xia, Y. J.; Cao, Y. J.; Zheng, X. S.; Pan, H. B.; Zhu, J. F.; Ma, C.; Wang, H. W.; Li, J. J.; You, R. et al. Enhancing both selectivity and coking-resistance of a single-atom Pd1/C3N4 catalyst for acetylene hydrogenation. Nano Res. 2017, 10, 1302–1312.
DOI Google Scholar
19

Yan, H.; Lin, Y.; Wu, H.; Zhang, W. H.; Sun, Z. H.; Cheng, H.; Liu, W.; Wang, C. L.; Li, J. J.; Huang, X. H. et al. Bottom-up precise synthesis of stable platinum dimers on graphene. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 1070.
DOI Google Scholar
20

Sun, S. H.; Zhang, G. X.; Gauquelin, N.; Chen, N.; Zhou, J. G.; Yang, S. L.; Chen, W. F.; Meng, X. B.; Geng, D. S.; Banis, M. N. et al. Single-atom catalysis using Pt/graphene achieved through atomic layer deposition. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 1775.
DOI Google Scholar
21

Wang, Z. Y.; Yang, J.; Gan, J.; Chen, W. X.; Zhou, F. Y.; Zhou, X.; Yu, Z. Q.; Zhu, J. F.; Duan, X. Z.; Wu, Y. E. Electrochemical conversion of bulk platinum into platinum single-atom sites for the hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 10755–10760.
DOI Google Scholar
22

Wang, Z. Y.; Yang, J.; Cao, J. B.; Chen, W. X.; Wang, G.; Liao, F.; Zhou, X.; Zhou, F. Y.; Li, R. L.; Yu, Z. Q. et al. Room-temperature synthesis of single iron site by electrofiltration for photoreduction of CO2 into tunable syngas. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 6164–6172.
DOI Google Scholar
23

Zhang, J. Q.; Zhao, Y. F.; Guo, X.; Chen, C.; Dong, C. L.; Liu, R. S.; Han, C. P.; Li, Y. D.; Gogotsi, Y.; Wang, G. X. Single platinum atoms immobilized on an MXene as an efficient catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Nat. Catal. 2018, 1, 985–992.
DOI Google Scholar
24

Zhou, M.; Bao, S. J.; Bard, A. J. Probing size and substrate effects on the hydrogen evolution reaction by single isolated Pt atoms, atomic clusters, and nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 7327–7332.
DOI Google Scholar
25

Tavakkoli, M.; Holmberg, N.; Kronberg, R.; Jiang, H.; Sainio, J.; Kauppinen, E. I.; Kallio, T.; Laasonen, K. Electrochemical activation of single-walled carbon nanotubes with pseudo-atomic-scale platinum for the hydrogen evolution reaction. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 3121–3130.
DOI Google Scholar
26

Ma, W. J.; Mao, J. J.; Yang, X. T.; Pan, C.; Chen, W. X.; Wang, M.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Q.; Li, Y. D. A single-atom Fe-N4 catalytic site mimicking bifunctional antioxidative enzymes for oxidative stress cytoprotection. Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 159–162.
DOI Google Scholar
27

Zhou, H.; Yang, T.; Kou, Z. K.; Shen, L.; Zhao, Y. F.; Wang, Z. Y.; Wang, X. Q.; Yang, Z. K.; Du, J. Y.; Xu, J. et al. Negative pressure pyrolysis induced highly accessible single sites dispersed on 3D graphene frameworks for enhanced oxygen reduction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 20465–20469.
DOI Google Scholar
28

Bonnick, P.; Muldoon, J. The Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde of lithium sulfur batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 4808–4833.
DOI Google Scholar
29

Fei, H. L.; Dong, J. C.; Arellano-Jiménez, M. J.; Ye, G. L.; Kim, N. D.; Samuel, E. L. G.; Peng, Z. W.; Zhu, Z.; Qin, F.; Bao, J. M. et al. Atomic cobalt on nitrogen-doped graphene for hydrogen generation. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8668.
DOI Google Scholar
30

Krisyuk, V.; Aloui, L.; Prud'homme, N.; Sysoev, S.; Senocq, F.; Samélor, D.; Vahlas, C. CVD of pure copper films from amidinate precursor. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 2011, 14, D26–D29.
DOI Google Scholar
31

Maimaiti, Y.; Elliott, S. D. Kinetics and coverage dependent reaction mechanisms of the copper atomic layer deposition from copper dimethylamino-2-propoxide and diethylzinc. Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 6282–6295.
DOI Google Scholar
32

von Weber, A.; Baxter, E. T.; Proch, S.; Kane, M. D.; Rosenfelder, M.; White, H. S.; Anderson, S. L. Size-dependent electronic structure controls activity for ethanol electro-oxidation at Ptn/indium tin oxide (n = 1 to 14). Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 17601–17610.
DOI Google Scholar
33

Khachatryan, L.; Vejerano, E.; Lomnicki, S.; Dellinger, B. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). 1. Generation of reactive oxygen species in aqueous solutions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 8559–8566.
DOI Google Scholar
34

Zhao, Y. B.; Ma, W. H.; Li, Y.; Ji, H. W.; Chen, C. C.; Zhu, H. Y.; Zhao, J. C. The surface-structure sensitivity of dioxygen activation in the anatase-photocatalyzed oxidation reaction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 3188–3192.
DOI Google Scholar
35

Eslamibidgoli, M. J.; Eikerling, M. H. Electrochemical formation of reactive oxygen species at Pt (111)—A density functional theory study. ACS Catal. 2015, 5, 6090–6098.
DOI Google Scholar
36

Shen, R. A.; Chen, W. X.; Peng, Q.; Lu, S. Q.; Zheng, L. R.; Cao, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, W.; Zhang, J. T.; Zhuang, Z. B. et al. High-concentration single atomic Pt sites on hollow CuSx for selective O2 reduction to H2O2 in acid solution. Chem 2019, 5, 2099–2110.
DOI Google Scholar
37

Tian, S. B.; Hu, M.; Xu, Q.; Gong, W. B.; Chen, W. X.; Yang, J. R.; Zhu, Y. Q.; Chen, C.; He, J.; Liu, Q. et al. Single-atom Fe with Fe1N3 structure showing superior performances for both hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. Sci. China Mater. 2021, 64, 642–650.
DOI Google Scholar
38

Chen, Z.; Yang, W. J.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, C.; Luo, J.; Chen, C.; Li, Y. D. Atomic iron on mesoporous N-doped carbon to achieve dehydrogenation reaction at room temperature. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 3075–3081.
DOI Google Scholar
39

Wu, W. J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, D.; Chen, W. X.; Song, Z. Y.; Wang, X. M.; Zheng, Y. M.; Lu, N.; Wang, C. X.; Mao, J. J. et al. Single copper sites dispersed on hierarchically porous carbon for improving oxygen reduction reaction towards zinc-air battery. Nano Res. 2021, 14, 998–1003.
DOI Google Scholar
40

Fu, N. H.; Liang, X.; Li, Z.; Chen, W. X.; Wang, Y.; Zheng, L. R.; Zhang, Q. H.; Chen, C.; Wang, D. S.; Peng, Q. et al. Fabricating Pd isolated single atom sites on C3N4/rGO for heterogenization of homogeneous catalysis. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 947–951.
DOI Google Scholar
41

Babucci, M.; Sarac Oztuna, F. E.; Debefve, L. M.; Boubnov, A.; Bare, S. R.; Gates, B. C.; Unal, U.; Uzun, A. Atomically dispersed reduced graphene aerogel-supported iridium catalyst with an iridium loading of 14.8 wt %. ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 9905–9913.
DOI Google Scholar
42

Feng, Q. C.; Zhao, S.; Xu, Q.; Chen, W. X.; Tian, S. B.; Wang, Y.; Yan, W. S.; Luo, J.; Wang, D. S.; Li, Y. D. Mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon-nanosphere-supported isolated single-atom Pd catalyst for highly efficient semihydrogenation of acetylene. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1901024.
DOI Google Scholar
43

Shang, H. S.; Chen, W. X.; Jiang, Z. L.; Zhou, D. N.; Zhang, J. T. Atomic-dispersed platinum anchored on porous alumina sheets as an efficient catalyst for diboration of alkynes. Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, 3127–3130.
DOI Google Scholar
44

Zhao, S. Z.; Wen, Y. F.; Liu, X. J.; Pen, X. Y.; Lü, F.; Gao, F. Y.; Xie, X. Z.; Du, C. C.; Yi, H. H.; Kang, D. J. et al. Formation of active oxygen species on single-atom Pt catalyst and promoted catalytic oxidation of toluene. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 1544–1551.
DOI Google Scholar
45

Li, Q. H.; Li, Z.; Zhang, Q. H.; Zheng, L. R.; Yan, W. S.; Liang, X.; Gu, L.; Chen, C.; Wang, D. S.; Peng, Q. et al. Porous γ-Fe2O3 nano­particle decorated with atomically dispersed platinum: Study on atomic site structural change and gas sensor activity evolution. Nano Res. 2021, 14, 1435–1442.
DOI Google Scholar
46

Li, Z.; Chen, Y. J.; Ji, S. F.; Tang, Y.; Chen, W. X.; Li, A.; Zhao, J.; Xiong, Y.; Wu, Y. E.; Gong, Y. et al. Iridium single-atom catalyst on nitrogen-doped carbon for formic acid oxidation synthesized using a general host-guest strategy. Nat. Chem. 2020, 12, 764–772.
DOI Google Scholar
47

Chen, Y. J.; Gao, R.; Ji, S. F.; Li, H. J.; Tang, K.; Jiang, P.; Hu, H. B.; Zhang, Z. D.; Hao, H. G.; Qu, Q. Y. et al. Atomic-level modulation of electronic density at cobalt single-atom sites derived from metal– organic frameworks: Enhanced oxygen reduction performance. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 3212–3221.
DOI Google Scholar
48

Geng, Z. G.; Cao, Y. J.; Chen, W. X.; Kong, X. D.; Liu, Y.; Yao, T.; Lin, Y. Regulating the coordination environment of Co single atoms for achieving efficient electrocatalytic activity in CO2 reduction. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2019, 240, 234–240.
DOI Google Scholar
49

Zeng, L.; Xue, C. Single metal atom decorated photocatalysts: Progress and challenges. Nano Res. 2021, 14, 934–944.
DOI Google Scholar
50

Kistler, J. D.; Chotigkrai, N.; Xu, P. H.; Enderle, B.; Praserthdam, P.; Chen, C. Y.; Browning, N. D.; Gates, B. C. A single-site platinum CO oxidation catalyst in zeolite KLTL: Microscopic and spectroscopic determination of the locations of the platinum atoms. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 8904–8907.
DOI Google Scholar
51

Liu, Y. W.; Li, Z.; Yu, Q. Y.; Chen, Y. F.; Chai, Z. W.; Zhao, G. F.; Liu, S. J.; Cheong, W. C.; Pan, Y.; Zhang, Q. H. et al. A general strategy for fabricating isolated single metal atomic site catalysts in Y zeolite. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 9305–9311.
DOI Google Scholar
52

Kim, S.; Jee, S.; Choi, K. M.; Shin, D. S. Single-atom Pd catalyst anchored on Zr-based metal-organic polyhedra for Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reactions in aqueous media. Nano Res. 2021, 14, 486–492.
DOI Google Scholar
53

Liu, P. X.; Zhao, Y.; Qin, R. X.; Gu, L.; Zhang, P.; Fu, G.; Zheng, N. F. A vicinal effect for promoting catalysis of Pd1/TiO2: Supports of atomically dispersed catalysts play more roles than simply serving as ligands. Sci. Bull. 2018, 63, 675–682.
DOI Google Scholar
54

Xu, J.; Lai, S. H.; Qi, D. F.; Hu, M.; Peng, X. Y.; Liu, Y. F.; Liu, W.; Hu, G. Z.; Xu, H.; Li, F. et al. Atomic Fe-Zn dual-metal sites for high-efficiency pH-universal oxygen reduction catalysis. Nano Res. 2021, 14, 1374–1381.
DOI Google Scholar
55

Cao, K.; Cai, J. M.; Chen, R. Inherently selective atomic layer deposition and applications. Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 2195–2207.
DOI Google Scholar
56

George, S. M. Atomic layer deposition: An overview. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 111–131.
DOI Google Scholar
57

Lu, J. L. A Perspective on new opportunities in atom-by-atom synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts using atomic layer deposition. Catal. Lett. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10562-020-03412-8.
DOI Google Scholar
58

Lee, B. H.; Hwang, J. K.; Nam, J. W.; Lee, S. U.; Kim, J. T.; Koo, S. M.; Baunemann, A.; Fischer, R. A.; Sung, M. M. Low-temperature atomic layer deposition of copper metal thin films: Self-limiting surface reaction of copper dimethylamino-2-propoxide with diethylzinc. Angew. Chem. 2009, 121, 4606–4609.
DOI Google Scholar
59

Cheng, N. C.; Stambula, S.; Wang, D.; Banis, M. N.; Liu, J.; Riese, A.; Xiao, B. W.; Li, R. Y.; Sham, T. K.; Liu, L. M. et al. Platinum single-atom and cluster catalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13638.
DOI Google Scholar
60

Stambula, S.; Gauquelin, N.; Bugnet, M.; Gorantla, S.; Turner, S.; Sun, S. H.; Liu, J.; Zhang, G. X.; Sun, X. L.; Botton, G. A. Chemical structure of nitrogen-doped graphene with single platinum atoms and atomic clusters as a platform for the PEMFC electrode. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 3890–3900.
DOI Google Scholar
61

Yan, H.; Cheng, H.; Yi, H.; Lin, Y.; Yao, T.; Wang, C. L.; Li, J. J.; Wei, S. Q.; Lu, J. L. Single-atom Pd1/graphene catalyst achieved by atomic layer deposition: Remarkable performance in selective hydrogenation of 1, 3-butadiene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 10484–10487.
DOI Google Scholar
62

Gao, G. P.; Jiao, Y.; Waclawik, E. R.; Du, A. J. Single atom (Pd/Pt) supported on graphitic carbon nitride as an efficient photocatalyst for visible-light reduction of carbon dioxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 6292–6297.
DOI Google Scholar
63

Pei, G. X.; Liu, X. Y.; Yang, X. F.; Zhang, L. L.; Wang, A. Q.; Li, L.; Wang, H.; Wang, X. D.; Zhang, T. Performance of Cu-alloyed Pd single-atom catalyst for semihydrogenation of acetylene under simulated front-end conditions. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 1491–1500.
DOI Google Scholar
64

Cao, Y. J.; Chen, S.; Luo, Q. Q.; Yan, H.; Lin, Y.; Liu, W.; Cao, L. L.; Lu, J. L.; Yang, J. L.; Yao, T. et al. Atomic-level insight into optimizing the hydrogen evolution pathway over a Co1-N4 single-site photocatalyst. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 12191–12196.
DOI Google Scholar
65

Li, X. Y.; Rong, H. P.; Zhang, J. T.; Wang, D. S.; Li, Y. D. Modulating the local coordination environment of single-atom catalysts for enhanced catalytic performance. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 1842–1855.
DOI Google Scholar
66

Zhang, J.; Zheng, C. Y.; Zhang, M. L.; Qiu, Y. J.; Xu, Q.; Cheong, W. C.; Chen, W. X.; Zheng, L. R.; Gu, L.; Hu, Z. P. et al. Controlling N-doping type in carbon to boost single-atom site Cu catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of quinoline. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 3082–3087.
DOI Google Scholar
67

Lu, J. L.; Low, K. B.; Lei, Y.; Libera, J. A.; Nicholls, A.; Stair, P. C.; Elam, J. W. Toward atomically-precise synthesis of supported bimetallic nanoparticles using atomic layer deposition. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3264.
DOI Google Scholar
68

Obraztsov, A. N.; Obraztsova, E. A.; Tyurnina, A. V.; Zolotukhin, A. A. Chemical vapor deposition of thin graphite films of nanometer thickness. Carbon 2007, 45, 2017–2021.
DOI Google Scholar
69

Zhang, T.; Fu, L. Controllable chemical vapor deposition growth of two-dimensional heterostructures. Chem 2018, 4, 671–689.
DOI Google Scholar
70

Yang, J.; Zhang, F. J.; Wang, X.; He, D. S.; Wu, G.; Yang, Q. H.; Hong, X.; Wu, Y. E.; Li, Y. D. Porous molybdenum phosphide Nano-octahedrons derived from confined phosphorization in UIO-66 for efficient hydrogen evolution. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 12854–12858.
DOI Google Scholar
71

Qu, Y. T.; Li, Z. J.; Chen, W. X.; Lin, Y.; Yuan, T. W.; Yang, Z. K.; Zhao, C. M.; Wang, J.; Zhao, C.; Wang, X. et al. Direct transformation of bulk copper into copper single sites via emitting and trapping of atoms. Nat. Catal. 2018, 1, 781–786.
DOI Google Scholar
72

Yang, Z. K.; Chen, B. X.; Chen, W. X.; Qu, Y. T.; Zhou, F. Y.; Zhao, C. M.; Xu, Q.; Zhang, Q. H.; Duan, X. Z.; Wu, Y. E. Directly transforming copper (Ⅰ) oxide bulk into isolated single-atom copper sites catalyst through gas-transport approach. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 3734.
DOI Google Scholar
73

Liu, S. W.; Wang, M. Y.; Yang, X. X.; Shi, Q. R.; Qiao, Z.; Lucero, M.; Ma, Q.; More, K. L.; Cullen, D. A.; Feng, Z. X. et al. Chemical vapor deposition for atomically dispersed and nitrogen coordinated single metal site catalysts. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 21698–21705.
DOI Google Scholar
74

Cai, Z. Y.; Liu, B. L.; Zou, X. L.; Cheng, H. M. Chemical vapor deposition growth and applications of two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 6091–6133.
DOI Google Scholar
75

Yan, H.; Zhao, X. X.; Guo, N.; Lyu, Z. Y.; Du, Y. H.; Xi, S. B.; Guo, R.; Chen, C.; Chen, Z. X.; Liu, W. et al. Atomic engineering of high-density isolated Co atoms on graphene with proximal-atom controlled reaction selectivity. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 3197.
DOI Google Scholar
76

Wang, X. F.; Jin, B. T.; Jin, Y.; Wu, T. P.; Ma, L.; Liang, X. H. Supported single Fe atoms prepared via atomic layer deposition for catalytic reactions. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2020, 3, 2867–2874.
DOI Google Scholar
77

Wang, C. L.; Gu, X. K.; Yan, H.; Lin, Y.; Li, J. J.; Liu, D. D.; Li, W. X.; Lu, J. L. Water-mediated Mars–van Krevelen mechanism for CO oxidation on ceria-supported single-atom Pt1 catalyst. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 887–891.
DOI Google Scholar
78

Lin, Q. Y.; Ding, B.; Chen, S.; Li, P.; Li, Z. W.; Shi, Y. Y.; Dou, H.; Zhang, X. G. Atomic layer deposition of single atomic cobalt as a catalytic interlayer for lithium-sulfur batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2020, 3, 11206–11212.
DOI Google Scholar
79

Moliner, M.; Gabay, J. E.; Kliewer, C. E.; Carr, R. T.; Guzman, J.; Casty, G. L.; Serna, P.; Corma, A. Reversible transformation of Pt nanoparticles into single atoms inside high-silica chabazite zeolite. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 15743–15750.
DOI Google Scholar
80

Jones, J.; Xiong, H. F.; DeLaRiva, A. T.; Peterson, E. J.; Pham, H.; Challa, S. R.; Qi, G. S.; Oh, S.; Wiebenga, M. H.; Pereira Hernández, X. I. et al. Thermally stable single-atom platinum-on-ceria catalysts via atom trapping. Science 2016, 353, 150–154.
DOI Google Scholar
81

Lang, R.; Xi, W.; Liu, J. C.; Cui, Y. T.; Li, T. B.; Lee, A. F.; Chen, F.; Chen, Y.; Li, L.; Li, L. et al. Non defect-stabilized thermally stable single-atom catalyst. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 234.
DOI Google Scholar
82

Yang, J.; Qiu, Z. Y.; Zhao, C. M.; Wei, W. C.; Chen, W. X.; Li, Z. J.; Qu, Y. T.; Dong, J. C.; Luo, J.; Li, Z. Y. et al. In situ thermal atomization to convert supported nickel nanoparticles into surface-bound nickel single-atom catalysts. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 14095–14100.
DOI Google Scholar
83

Liu, S.; Yang, H. B.; Hung, S. F.; Ding, J.; Cai, W. Z.; Liu, L. H.; Gao, J. J.; Li, X. N.; Ren, X. Y.; Kuang, Z. C. et al. Elucidating the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction over a model single-atom nickel catalyst. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 798–803.
DOI Google Scholar
84

Zhang, E. H.; Wang, T.; Yu, K.; Liu, J.; Chen, W. X.; Li, A.; Rong, H. P.; Lin, R.; Ji, S. F.; Zheng, X. S. et al. Bismuth single atoms resulting from transformation of metal-organic frameworks and their use as electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 16569–16573.
DOI Google Scholar
85

Nguyen, T. N.; Salehi, M.; Van Le, Q.; Seifitokaldani, A.; Dinh, C. T. Fundamentals of electrochemical CO2 reduction on single-metal- atom catalysts. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 10068–10095.
DOI Google Scholar
86

Wei, S. J.; Li, A.; Liu, J. C.; Li, Z.; Chen, W. X.; Gong, Y.; Zhang, Q. H.; Cheong, W. C.; Wang, Y.; Zheng, L. R. et al. Direct observation of noble metal nanoparticles transforming to thermally stable single atoms. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 13, 856–861.
DOI Google Scholar
87

Zhou, H.; Liu, T. Y.; Zhao, X. Y.; Zhao, Y. F.; Lv, H. W.; Fang, S.; Wang, X. Q.; Zhou, F. Y.; Xu, Q.; Xu, J. et al. A supported nickel catalyst stabilized by a surface digging effect for efficient methane oxidation. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 18388–18393.
DOI Google Scholar
88

Zhao, C. M.; Wang, Y.; Li, Z. J.; Chen, W. X.; Xu, Q.; He, D. S.; Xi, D. S.; Zhang, Q. H.; Yuan, T. W.; Qu, Y. T. et al. Solid-diffusion synthesis of single-atom catalysts directly from bulk metal for efficient CO2 reduction. Joule 2019, 3, 584–594.
DOI Google Scholar
89

Yu, H. D.; Xue, Y. R.; Huang, B. L.; Hui, L.; Zhang, C.; Fang, Y.; Liu, Y. X.; Zhao, Y. J.; Li, Y. J.; Liu, H. B. et al. Ultrathin nanosheet of graphdiyne-supported palladium atom catalyst for efficient hydrogen production. iScience 2019, 11, 31–41.
DOI Google Scholar
90

Qu, Y. T.; Chen, B. X.; Li, Z. J.; Duan, X. Z.; Wang, L. G.; Lin, Y.; Yuan, T. W.; Zhou, F. Y.; Hu, Y. D.; Yang, Z. K. et al. Thermal emitting strategy to synthesize atomically dispersed Pt metal sites from bulk Pt metal. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 4505–4509.
DOI Google Scholar
91

McGill, P. R.; Idriss, H. Ab initio study of surface acid-base reactions. The case of molecular and dissociative adsorption of ammonia on the (011) surface of rutile TiO2. Langmuir 2008, 24, 97–104.
DOI Google Scholar
92

Zhao, Y. Y.; Zhou, Y. K.; Xiong, B.; Wang, J.; Chen, X.; O'Hayre, R.; Shao, Z. P. Facile single-step preparation of Pt/N-graphene catalysts with improved methanol electrooxidation activity. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2013, 17, 1089–1098.
DOI Google Scholar
93

Qu, Y. T.; Wang, L. G.; Li, Z. J.; Li, P.; Zhang, Q. H.; Lin, Y.; Zhou, F. Y.; Wang, H. J.; Yang, Z. K.; Hu, Y. D. et al. Ambient synthesis of single-atom catalysts from bulk metal via trapping of atoms by surface dangling bonds. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1904496.
DOI Google Scholar
94

Ge, X.; Su, G. R.; Che, W.; Yang, J.; Zhou, X.; Wang, Z. Y.; Qu, Y. T.; Yao, T.; Liu, W.; Wu, Y. E. Atomic filtration by graphene oxide membranes to access atomically dispersed single atom catalysts. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 10468–10475.
DOI Google Scholar
95

Jeong, H.; Lee, G.; Kim, B. S.; Bae, J.; Han, J. W.; Lee, H. Fully dispersed Rh ensemble catalyst to enhance low-temperature activity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 9558–9565.
DOI Google Scholar
96

Zhou, P.; Li, N.; Chao, Y. G.; Zhang, W. Y.; Lv, F.; Wang, K.; Yang, W. X.; Gao, P.; Guo, S. J. Thermolysis of noble metal nanoparticles into electron-rich phosphorus-coordinated noble metal single atoms at low temperature. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 14184–14188.
DOI Google Scholar
97

Zhang, S. L.; Ying, H. J.; Huang, P. F.; Wang, J. L.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, T. T.; Han, W. Q. Rational design of pillared SnS/Ti3C2Tx MXene for superior lithium-ion storage. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 17665–17674.
DOI Google Scholar
98

Shi, Y.; Huang, W. M.; Li, J.; Zhou, Y.; Li, Z. Q.; Yin, Y. C.; Xia, X. H. Site-specific electrodeposition enables self-terminating growth of atomically dispersed metal catalysts. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 4558.
DOI Google Scholar
99

Al-Akl, A.; Attard, G. A. Anion effects in the UPD of copper on Pd/Pt(111) bimetallic electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 4597–4606.
DOI Google Scholar
100

Xiao, M.; Zhang, L.; Luo, B.; Lyu, M. Q.; Wang, Z. L.; Huang, H. M.; Wang, S. C.; Du, A. J.; Wang, L. Z. Molten-salt-mediated synthesis of an atomic nickel Co-catalyst on TiO2 for improved photocatalytic H2 evolution. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 7230–7234.
DOI Google Scholar
101

Mao, Y. B.; Guo, X.; Huang, J. Y.; Wang, K. L.; Chang. J. P. Luminescent nanocrystals with A2B2O7 composition synthesized by a kinetically modified molten salt method. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 1204–1208.
DOI Google Scholar
102

Qiu, P. T.; Bi, J. L.; Zhang, X. J.; Yang, S. C. Organics- and surfactant-free molten salt medium controlled synthesis of Pt-M (M = Cu and Pd) Bi- and trimetallic nanocubes and nanosheets. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 4205−4213.
DOI Google Scholar
103

Jeong, H.; Shin, S.; Lee, H. Heterogeneous atomic catalysts overcoming the limitations of single-atom catalysts. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 14355–14374.
DOI Google Scholar
104

Liu, W. G.; Zhang, L. L.; Yan, W. S.; Liu, X. Y.; Yang, X. F.; Miao, S.; Wang, W. T.; Wang, A. Q.; Zhang, T. Single-atom dispersed Co-N-C catalyst: Structure identification and performance for hydrogenative coupling of nitroarenes. Chem. Sci. 2016, 7, 5758– 5764.
DOI Google Scholar
105

Zhao, L.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, L. B.; Liu, X. Z.; Zhang, Q. H.; He, C.; Wu, Z. Y.; Zhang, L. J.; Wu, J. P.; Yang, W. L. et al. Cascade anchoring strategy for general mass production of high-loading single-atomic metal-nitrogen catalysts. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1278.
DOI Google Scholar
106

Zuo, Q.; Liu, T. T.; Chen, C. S.; Ji, Y.; Gong, X. Q.; Mai, Y. Y.; Zhou, Y. F. Ultrathin metal-organic framework nanosheets with ultrahigh loading of single Pt atoms for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic H2 evolution. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 10198–10203.
DOI Google Scholar
107

Zhang, B.; Asakura, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, J. G.; De, S.; Yan, N. Stabilizing a platinum1 single-atom catalyst on supported pho­sphomolybdic acid without compromising hydrogenation activity. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 8319–8323.
DOI Google Scholar
108

Lin, C.; Zhang, H.; Song, X. K.; Kim, D. H.; Li, X. P.; Jiang, Z.; Lee, J. H. 2D-organic framework confined metal single atoms with the loading reaching the theoretical limit. Mater. Horiz. 2020, 7, 2726–2733.
DOI Google Scholar
109

Jiao, L.; Zhang, R.; Wan, G.; Yang, W. J.; Wan, X.; Zhou, H.; Shui, J. L.; Yu, S. H.; Jiang, H. L. Nanocasting SiO2 into metal-organic frameworks imparts dual protection to high-loading Fe single-atom electrocatalysts. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2831.
DOI Google Scholar
110

Liu, D. B.; Wu, C. Q.; Chen, S. M.; Ding, S. Q.; Xie, Y. F.; Wang, C. D.; Wang, T.; Haleem, Y. A.; ur Rehman, Z.; Sang, Y. et al. In situ trapped high-density single metal atoms within graphene: Iron- containing hybrids as representatives for efficient oxygen reduction. Nano Res. 2018, 11, 2217–2228.
DOI Google Scholar
111

Sun, J. F.; Xu, Q. Q.; Qi, J. L.; Zhou, D.; Zhu, H. Y.; Yin, J. Z. Isolated single atoms anchored on N-doped carbon materials as a highly efficient catalyst for electrochemical and organic reactions. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 14630–14656.
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 20 January 2021
Revised: 12 February 2021
Accepted: 21 February 2021
Published: 07 April 2021
Issue date: December 2021

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21801015) and Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars.

Return