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Research Article

An optical slot-antenna-coupled cavity (SAC) framework towards tunable free-space graphene photonic surfaces

Sidan Fu1, Xiaoxin Wang1, Haozhe Wang2, Xiaoxue Gao1, Kurt Broderick2, Jing Kong2( ), Jifeng Liu1( )
Thayer school of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Graphical Abstract

Abstract

The optical conductivity of single layer graphene (SLG) can be significantly and reversibly modified when the Fermi level is tuned by electrical gating. However, so far this interesting property has rarely been applied to free-space two-dimensional (2D) photonic devices because the surface-incident absolute absorption of SLG is limited to 1%-2%. No significant change in either reflectance or transmittance would be observed even if SLG is made transparent upon gating. To achieve significantly enhanced surface-incident optical absorption in SLG in a device structure that also allows gating, here we embed SLG in an optical slot-antenna-coupled cavity (SAC) framework, simultaneously enhancing SLG absorption by up to 20 times and potentially enabling electrical gating of SLG as a step towards tunable 2D photonic surfaces. This framework synergistically integrates near-field enhancement induced by ultrahigh refractive index semimetal slot-antenna with broadband resonances in visible and infrared regimes, ~ 3 times more effective than a vertical cavity structure alone. An example of this framework consists of self-assembled, close-packed Sn nanodots separated by ~ 10 nm nanogaps on a SLG/SiO2/Al stack, which dramatically increases SLG optical absorption to 10%-25% at λ = 600-1,900 nm. The enhanced SLG absorption spectrum can also be controlled by the insulator thickness. For example, SLG embedded in this framework with a 150 nm-thick SiO2 insulating layer displays a distinctive red color in contrast to its surrounding regions without SLG on the same sample under white light illumination. This opens a potential path towards gate-tunable spectral reflectors. Overall, this work initiates a new approach towards tunable 2D photonic surfaces.

Keywords

grapheneoptical slot-antenna-coupled cavity (SAC)ultrahigh refractive indexphoton managementtunable two-dimensional (2D) photonic surfaces

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Nano Research
Volume 14 Issue 5,
May 2021
Pages 1364-1373
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-020-3184-z
Cite this article:
Fu S, Wang X, Wang H, et al. An optical slot-antenna-coupled cavity (SAC) framework towards tunable free-space graphene photonic surfaces. Nano Research, 2021, 14(5): 1364-1373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3184-z
Topics:
Absorption spectroscopyGrapheneLight absoptionNanodots Photonic devicesRefractive indexSilicaSilicon

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Received: 07 July 2020
Revised: 09 October 2020
Accepted: 16 October 2020
Published: 07 November 2020
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
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