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Nano Research 2021, 14(7): 2188-2206 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3183-0
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 05 July 2021

Principles of carbon nanotube dielectrophoresis

Show Author's Information Wenshan Li1,3,†,  Frank Hennrich1,2,4,  Benjamin S. Flavel1,  Simone Dehm1,  Manfred Kappes1,2,  Ralph Krupke1,3,4( )
Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany

† Present address: School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China

Keywords:
assembly, deposition, alignment, single-walled carbon nanotubes, dielectrophoresis, hydrodynamics, polarizability
Topics:
Nano unitDepositionElectric fields NanotubesOrganic solvents
Cite this article:
Li W, Hennrich F, Flavel BS, et al. Principles of carbon nanotube dielectrophoresis. Nano Research, 2021, 14(7): 2188-2206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3183-0
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Abstract Full text About this article

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) describes the motion of suspended objects when exposed to an inhomogeneous electric field. It has been successful as a method for parallel and site-selective assembling of nanotubes from a dispersion into a sophisticated device architecture. Researchers have conducted extensive works to understand the DEP of nanotubes in aqueous ionic surfactant solutions. However, only recently, DEP was applied to polymer-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in organic solvents due to the availability of ultra-pure SWCNT content. In this paper, the focus is on the difference between the DEP in aqueous and organic solutions. It starts with an introduction into the DEP of carbon nanotubes (CNT-DEP) to provide a comprehensive, in-depth theoretical background before discussing in detail the experimental procedures and conditions. For academic interests, this work focuses on the CNT-DEP deposition scheme, discusses the importance of the electrical double layer, and employs finite element simulations to optimize CNT-DEP deposition condition with respect to the experimental observation. An important outcome is an understanding of why DEP in organic solvents allows for the deposition and alignment of SWCNTs in low-frequency and even static electric fields, and why the response of semiconducting SWCNTs (s-SWCNTs) is strongly enhanced in non-conducting, weakly polarizable media. Strategies to further improve CNT-DEP for s-SWCNT-relevant applications are given as well. Overall, this work should serve as a practical guideline to select the appropriate setting for effective CNT DEPs.


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About this article

Principles of carbon nanotube dielectrophoresis

Show Author's information Wenshan Li1,3,†, Frank Hennrich1,2,4, Benjamin S. Flavel1, Simone Dehm1, Manfred Kappes1,2, Ralph Krupke1,3,4( )
Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany

† Present address: School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China

Abstract

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) describes the motion of suspended objects when exposed to an inhomogeneous electric field. It has been successful as a method for parallel and site-selective assembling of nanotubes from a dispersion into a sophisticated device architecture. Researchers have conducted extensive works to understand the DEP of nanotubes in aqueous ionic surfactant solutions. However, only recently, DEP was applied to polymer-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in organic solvents due to the availability of ultra-pure SWCNT content. In this paper, the focus is on the difference between the DEP in aqueous and organic solutions. It starts with an introduction into the DEP of carbon nanotubes (CNT-DEP) to provide a comprehensive, in-depth theoretical background before discussing in detail the experimental procedures and conditions. For academic interests, this work focuses on the CNT-DEP deposition scheme, discusses the importance of the electrical double layer, and employs finite element simulations to optimize CNT-DEP deposition condition with respect to the experimental observation. An important outcome is an understanding of why DEP in organic solvents allows for the deposition and alignment of SWCNTs in low-frequency and even static electric fields, and why the response of semiconducting SWCNTs (s-SWCNTs) is strongly enhanced in non-conducting, weakly polarizable media. Strategies to further improve CNT-DEP for s-SWCNT-relevant applications are given as well. Overall, this work should serve as a practical guideline to select the appropriate setting for effective CNT DEPs.

Keywords: assembly, deposition, alignment, single-walled carbon nanotubes, dielectrophoresis, hydrodynamics, polarizability

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Received: 06 July 2020
Revised: 12 October 2020
Accepted: 15 October 2020
Published: 05 July 2021
Issue date: July 2021

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© The Author(s) 2021

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge support from the Helmholtz Research Program Science and Technology of Nanosystems (STN). B. S. Flavel acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschafts Emmy Noether Program under grant number FL 834/1-1. The COMSOL simulation code files are available online at https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/5984.

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