Journal Home > Volume 14 , Issue 4
Nano Research 2021, 14(4): 1095-1102 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3156-3
Research Article | Issue | Published: 13 November 2020

Hetero-phase MoC-Mo2C nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic H2-production activity of TiO2

Show Author's Information Jinfeng Liu1,  Ping Wang1,2( ),  Jiajie Fan3,  Huogen Yu1,2( ),  Jiaguo Yu4
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
Keywords:
photocatalysis, H2 evolution, TiO2, MoC-Mo2C@C, cocatalyst
Topics:
CarbidesCarbonHydrogen productionMolybdenum compoundsNanoparticlesOxide mineralsPhotocatalytic activity Self assemblyTitanium Dioxide
Cite this article:
Liu J, Wang P, Fan J, et al. Hetero-phase MoC-Mo2C nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic H2-production activity of TiO2. Nano Research, 2021, 14(4): 1095-1102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3156-3
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

833

Views

36

Downloads

Citations

61

Crossref

N/A

WoS

50

Scopus

3

CSCD

Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Hexagonal molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) as an effective non-noble cocatalyst is intensively researched in the photocatalytic H2-evolution field owing to its Pt-like H+-adsorption ability and good conductivity. However, hexagonal Mo2C-modified photocatalysts possess a limited H2-evolution rate because of the weak H-desorption ability. To further improve the activity, cubic MoC was introduced into Mo2C to form the carbon-modified MoC-Mo2C nanoparticles (MoC-Mo2C@C) by a calcination method. The resultant MoC-Mo2C@C (ca. 5 nm) was eventually coupled with TiO2 to acquire high-efficiency TiO2/MoC-Mo2C@C by electrostatic self-assembly. The highest H2-generation rate of TiO2/MoC-Mo2C@C reached of 918 μmol·h−1·g−1, which was 91.8, 2.7, and 1.5 times than that of the TiO2, TiO2/MoC@C, and TiO2/Mo2C@C, respectively. The enhanced rate of TiO2 attributes to the carbon layer as cocatalyst to transmit electrons and the hetero-phase MoC-Mo2C as H2-generation active sites to boost H2-evolution reaction. This research offers a novel insight to design photocatalytic materials for energy applications.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Hetero-phase MoC-Mo2C nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic H2-production activity of TiO2

Show Author's information Jinfeng Liu1, Ping Wang1,2( ), Jiajie Fan3, Huogen Yu1,2( ), Jiaguo Yu4
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

Abstract

Hexagonal molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) as an effective non-noble cocatalyst is intensively researched in the photocatalytic H2-evolution field owing to its Pt-like H+-adsorption ability and good conductivity. However, hexagonal Mo2C-modified photocatalysts possess a limited H2-evolution rate because of the weak H-desorption ability. To further improve the activity, cubic MoC was introduced into Mo2C to form the carbon-modified MoC-Mo2C nanoparticles (MoC-Mo2C@C) by a calcination method. The resultant MoC-Mo2C@C (ca. 5 nm) was eventually coupled with TiO2 to acquire high-efficiency TiO2/MoC-Mo2C@C by electrostatic self-assembly. The highest H2-generation rate of TiO2/MoC-Mo2C@C reached of 918 μmol·h−1·g−1, which was 91.8, 2.7, and 1.5 times than that of the TiO2, TiO2/MoC@C, and TiO2/Mo2C@C, respectively. The enhanced rate of TiO2 attributes to the carbon layer as cocatalyst to transmit electrons and the hetero-phase MoC-Mo2C as H2-generation active sites to boost H2-evolution reaction. This research offers a novel insight to design photocatalytic materials for energy applications.

Keywords: photocatalysis, H2 evolution, TiO2, MoC-Mo2C@C, cocatalyst

References(56)

[1]
J. F. Lin,; Y. Liu,; Y. P. Liu,; C. Huang,; W. H. Liu,; X. H. Mi,; D. Y. Fan,; F. T. Fan,; H. D. Lu,; X. B. Chen, SnS2 nanosheets/H-TiO2 nanotube arrays as a type II heterojunctioned photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting. ChemSusChem 2019, 12, 961-967.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]
X. H. Wu,; D. D. Gao,; P. Wang,; H. G. Yu,; J. G. Yu, NH4Cl-induced low-temperature formation of nitrogen-rich g-C3N4 nanosheets with improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Carbon 2019, 153, 757-766.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]
W. Zhong,; X. H. Wu,; P. Wang,; J. J. Fan,; H. G. Yu, Homojunction CdS photocatalysts with a massive S2--adsorbed surface phase: One-step facile synthesis and high H2-evolution performance. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 543-551.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]
Y. Zhao,; C. T. Shao,; Z. X. Lin,; S. J. Jiang,; S. Q. Song, Low-energy facets on CdS allomorph junctions with optimal phase ratio to boost charge directional transfer for photocatalytic H2 fuel evolution. Small 2020, 16, 2000944.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]
J. X. Shen,; Y. Z. Li,; H. Y. Zhao,; K. Pan,; X. Li,; Y. Qu,; G. F. Wang,; D. S. Wang, Modulating the photoelectrons of g-C3N4 via coupling MgTi2O5 as appropriate platform for visible-light-driven photocatalytic solar energy conversion. Nano Res. 2019, 12, 1931-1936.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]
X. S. Wang,; C. Zhou,; R. Shi,; Q. Q. Liu,; G. I. N. Waterhouse,; L. Z. Wu,; C. H. Tung,; T. R. Zhang, Supramolecular precursor strategy for the synthesis of holey graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. Nano Res. 2019, 12, 2385-2389.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]
R. Sun,; Z. Q. Zhang,; Z. J. Li,; L. Q. Jing, Review on photogenerated hole modulation strategies in photoelectrocatalysis for solar fuel production. ChemCatChem 2019, 11, 5875-5884.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]
H. Wang,; X. T. Hu,; Y. J. Ma,; D. J. Zhu,; T. Li,; J. Y. Wang, Nitrate-group-grafting-induced assembly of rutile TiO2 nanobundles for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chin. J. Catal. 2020, 41, 95-102.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]
Q. J. Xiang,; X. Y. Ma,; D. N. Zhang,; H. P. Zhou,; Y. L. Liao,; H. W. Zhang,; S. Y. Xu,; I. Levchenko,; K. Bazaka, Interfacial modification of titanium dioxide to enhance photocatalytic efficiency towards H2 production. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2019, 556, 376-385.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]
J. Li,; M. Zhang,; X. Li,; Q. Y. Li,; J. J. Yang, Effect of the calcination temperature on the visible light photocatalytic activity of direct contact Z-scheme g-C3N4-TiO2 heterojunction. Appl. Catal. B 2017, 212, 106-114.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]
X. Q. Qiu,; M. Miyauchi,; K. Sunada,; M. Minoshima,; M. Liu,; Y. Lu,; D. Li,; Y. Shimodaira,; Y. Hosogi,; Y. Kuroda, et al. Hybrid CuxO/TiO2 nanocomposites as risk-reduction materials in indoor environments. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 1609-1618.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]
L. F. Liu,; J. L. Zhang,; X. N. Tan,; B. X. Zhang,; J. B. Shi,; X. Y. Cheng,; D. X. Tan,; B. X. Han,; L. R. Zheng,; F. Y. Zhang, Supercritical CO2 produces the visible-light-responsive TiO2/COF heterojunction with enhanced electron-hole separation for high-performance hydrogen evolution. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 983-988.
DOI Google Scholar
[13]
Q. Q. Shi,; Z. X. Qin,; C. L. Yu,; A. Waheed,; H. Xu,; Y. Gao,; H. Abroshan,; G. Li, Experimental and mechanistic understanding of photo-oxidation of methanol catalyzed by CuO/TiO2-spindle nanocomposite: Oxygen vacancy engineering. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 939-946.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]
Y. Y. Liu,; Z. H. Xiang, Fully conjugated covalent organic polymer with carbon-encapsulated Ni2P for highly sustained photocatalytic H2 production from seawater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 41313-41320.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]
X. Z. Yue,; C. Q. Li,; Z. Y. Liu,; S. S. Yi,; D. L. Chen,; F. Wang,; S. H. Li, Steering charge kinetics in W2C@C/TiO2 heterojunction architecture: Efficient solar-light-driven hydrogen generation. Appl. Catal. B 2019, 255, 117760.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]
C. H. He,; L. L. Yu,; N. Lu,; W. J. Wang,; W. Chen,; S. J. Lu,; Y. Yang,; D. K. Ma,; S. M. Huang, Screwdriver-like Pd-Ag heterostructures formed via selective deposition of Ag on Pd nanowires as efficient photocatalysts for solvent-free aerobic oxidation of toluene. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 646-652.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]
L. Cheng,; D. N. Zhang,; Y. L. Liao,; F. Li,; H. W. Zhang,; Q. J. Xiang, Constructing functionalized plasmonic gold/titanium dioxide nanosheets with small gold nanoparticles for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2019, 555, 94-103.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]
C. Li,; X. P. Wang,; A. Cheruvathur,; Y. B. Shen,; H. W. Xiang,; Y. W. Li,; J. W. Niemantsverdriet,; R. Su, In-situ probing photocatalytic C-C bond cleavage in ethylene glycol under ambient conditions and the effect of metal cocatalyst. J. Catal. 2018, 365, 313-319.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]
X. N. Tan,; J. L. Zhang,; D. X. Tan,; J. B. Shi,; X. Y. Cheng,; F. Y. Zhang,; L. F. Liu,; B. X. Zhang,; Z. Z. Su,; B. X. Han, Ionic liquids produce heteroatom-doped Pt/TiO2 nanocrystals for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. Nano Res. 2019, 12, 1967-1972.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]
X. R. Gan,; D. Y. Lei,; R. Q. Ye,; H. M. Zhao,; K. Y. Wong, Transition metal dichalcogenide-based mixed-dimensional heterostructures for visible-light-driven photocatalysis: Dimensionality and interface engineering. Nano Res., in press, .
DOI Google Scholar
[21]
H. B. Zhang,; P. Zhang,; M. Qiu,; J. C. Dong,; Y. F. Zhang,; X. W. D. Lou, Ultrasmall MoOx clusters as a novel cocatalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1804883.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]
R. H. Mu,; Y. H. Ao,; T. F. Wu,; C. Wang,; P. F. Wang, Synergistic effect of molybdenum nitride nanoparticles and nitrogen-doped carbon on enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of CdS nanorods. J. Alloys Compd. 2020, 812, 151990.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]
J. F. Wang,; J. Chen,; P. F. Wang,; J. Hou,; C. Wang,; Y. H. Ao, Robust photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over amorphous ruthenium phosphide quantum dots modified g-C3N4 nanosheet. Appl. Catal. B 2018, 239, 578-585.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]
H. Z. Yang,; X. Wang, Secondary-component incorporated hollow MOFs and derivatives for catalytic and energy-related applications. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1800743.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]
X. Y. Chu,; Y. Qu,; A. Zada,; L. L. Bai,; Z. J. Li,; F. Yang,; L. Zhao,; G. L. Zhang,; X. J. Sun,; Z. D. Yang, et al. Ultrathin phosphate- modulated co phthalocyanine/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts with single Co-N4 (II) sites for efficient O2 activation. Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 2001543.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]
Y. H. Song,; K. X. Xia,; Y. M. Gong,; H. X. Chen,; L. Li,; J. J. Yi,; X. J. She,; Z. G. Chen,; J. J. Wu,; H. M. Li, et al. Controllable synthesized heterostructure photocatalyst Mo2C@C/2D g-C3N4: Enhanced catalytic performance for hydrogen production. Dalton Trans. 2018, 47, 14706-14712.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]
X. N. Zang,; W. S. Chen,; X. L. Zou,; J. N. Hohman,; L. J. Yang,; B. X. Li,; M. S. Wei,; C. H. Zhu,; J. M. Liang,; M. Sanghadasa, et al. Self-assembly of large-area 2D polycrystalline transition metal carbides for hydrogen electrocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1805188.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]
J. Xiong,; J. Li,; J. W. Shi,; X. L. Zhang,; N. T. Suen,; Z. Liu,; Y. J. Huang,; G. X. Xu,; W. W. Cai,; X. R. Lei, et al. In situ engineering of double-phase interface in Mo/Mo2C heteronanosheets for boosted hydrogen evolution reaction. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 341-348.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]
W. W. Fu,; Y. W. Wang,; J. S. Hu,; H. J. Zhang,; P. Luo,; F. Sun,; X. G. Ma,; Z. Y. Huang,; J. Li,; Z. P. Guo, et al. Surface-electron coupling for efficient hydrogen evolution. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 17709-17717.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]
C. Huang,; X. W. Miao,; C. R. Pi,; B. Gao,; X. M. Zhang,; P. Qin,; K. F. Huo,; X. Peng,; P. K. Chu, Mo2C/VC heterojunction embedded in graphitic carbon network: An advanced electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. Nano Energy 2019, 60, 520-526.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]
T. L. Xiong,; J. Jia,; Z. Q. Wei,; L. L. Zeng,; Y. Q. Deng,; W. J. Zhou,; S. W. Chen, N-doped carbon-wrapped MoxC heterophase sheets for high-efficiency electrochemical hydrogen production. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 358, 362-368.
DOI Google Scholar
[32]
H. L. Lin,; Z. P. Shi,; S. He,; X. Yu,; S. N. Wang,; Q. S. Gao,; Y. Tang, Heteronanowires of MoC-Mo2C as efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Chem. Sci. 2016, 7, 3399-3405.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]
X. Y. Zhang,; J. C. Wang,; T. Guo,; T. Y. Liu,; Z. Z. Wu,; L. Cavallo,; Z. Cao,; D. Z. Wang, Structure and phase regulation in MoxC (α-MoC1-x/β-Mo2C) to enhance hydrogen evolution. Appl. Catal. B 2019, 247, 78-85.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]
X. F. Lu,; L. Yu,; J. T. Zhang,; X. W. D. Lou, Ultrafine dual-phased carbide nanocrystals confined in porous nitrogen-doped carbon dodecahedrons for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1900699.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]
S. Kim,; C. Choi,; J. Hwang,; J. Park,; J. Jeong,; H. Jun,; S. Lee,; S. K. Kim,; J. H. Jang,; Y. Jung, et al. Interaction mediator assisted synthesis of mesoporous molybdenum carbide: Mo-valence state adjustment for optimizing hydrogen evolution. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 4988-4999.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]
J. F. Liu,; P. Wang,; J. J. Fan,; H. G. Yu, Carbon-coated cubic-phase molybdenum carbide nanoparticle for enhanced photocatalytic H2-evolution performance of TiO2. J. Energy Chem. 2020, 51, 253-261.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]
P. Wang,; Y. Sheng,; F. Z. Wang,; H. G. Yu, Synergistic effect of electron-transfer mediator and interfacial catalytic active-site for the enhanced H2-evolution performance: A case study of CdS-Au photocatalyst. Appl. Catal. B 2018, 220, 561-569.
DOI Google Scholar
[38]
C. L. Wang,; L. S. Sun,; F. F. Zhang,; X. X. Wang,; Q. J. Sun,; Y. Cheng,; L. M. Wang, Formation of Mo-polydopamine hollow spheres and their conversions to MoO2/C and Mo2C/C for efficient electrochemical energy storage and catalyst. Small 2017, 13, 1701246.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]
H. J. Song,; M. C. Sung,; H. Yoon,; B. Ju,; D. W. Kim, Ultrafine α-phase molybdenum carbide decorated with platinum nanoparticles for efficient hydrogen production in acidic and alkaline media. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1802135.
DOI Google Scholar
[40]
Q. L. Wang,; H. Y. Li,; J. H. Yang,; Q. Sun,; Q. Y. Li,; J. J. Yang, Iron phthalocyanine-graphene donor-acceptor hybrids for visible-light- assisted degradation of phenol in the presence of H2O2. Appl. Catal. B 2016, 192, 182-192.
DOI Google Scholar
[41]
Q. L. Wang,; L. M. Tao,; X. X. Jiang,; M. K. Wang,; Y. Shen, Graphene oxide wrapped CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite quantum dots hybrid for photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction in organic solvents. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 465, 607-613.
DOI Google Scholar
[42]
F. Gao,; Y. Zhao,; L. L. Zhang,; B. Wang,; Y. Z. Wang,; X. Y. Huang,; K. Q. Wang,; W. H. Feng,; P. Liu, Well dispersed MoC quantum dots in ultrathin carbon films as efficient co-catalysts for photocatalytic H2 evolution. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 18979-18986.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]
X. Z. Yue,; S. S. Yi,; R. W. Wang,; Z. T. Zhang,; S. L. Qiu, A novel architecture of dandelion-like Mo2C/TiO2 heterojunction photocatalysts towards high-performance photocatalytic hydrogen production from water splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 10591-10598.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]
C. Wan,; Y. N. Regmi,; B. M. Leonard, Multiple phases of molybdenum carbide as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 6407-6410.
DOI Google Scholar
[45]
H. G. Yu,; R. R. Yuan,; D. D. Gao,; Y. Xu,; J. G. Yu, Ethyl acetate- induced formation of amorphous MoSx nanoclusters for improved H2-evolution activity of TiO2 photocatalyst. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 375, 121934.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]
Y. X. Pan,; J. B. Peng,; S. Xin,; Y. You,; Y. L. Men,; F. Zhang,; M. Y. Duan,; Y. Cui,; Z. Q. Sun,; J. Song, Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic H2 evolution from water on noble-metal-free CdS- nanoparticle-dispersed Mo2C@C nanospheres. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 5449-5456.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]
P. Wang,; S. Q. Xu,; F. Chen,; H. G. Yu, Ni nanoparticles as electron- transfer mediators and NiSx as interfacial active sites for coordinative enhancement of H2-evolution performance of TiO2. Chin. J. Catal. 2019, 40, 343-351.
DOI Google Scholar
[48]
H. G. Yu,; W. J. Liu,; X. F. Wang,; F. Z. Wang, Promoting the interfacial H2-evolution reaction of metallic Ag by Ag2S cocatalyst: A case study of TiO2/Ag-Ag2S photocatalyst. Appl. Catal. B 2018, 225, 415-423.
DOI Google Scholar
[49]
J. Li,; Y. Li,; G. K. Zhang,; H. X. Huang,; X. Y. Wu, One- dimensional/two-dimensional core-shell-structured Bi2O4/BiO2-x heterojunction for highly efficient broad spectrum light-driven photocatalysis: Faster interfacial charge transfer and enhanced molecular oxygen activation mechanism. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 7112-7122.
DOI Google Scholar
[50]
X. X. Lu,; C. Y. Toe,; F. Ji,; W. J. Chen,; X. M. Wen,; R. J. Wong,; J. Seidel,; J. Scott,; J. N. Hart,; Y. H. Ng, Light-induced formation of MoOxSy clusters on CdS nanorods as cocatalyst for enhanced hydrogen evolution. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 8324-8332.
DOI Google Scholar
[51]
S. S. Yi,; J. M. Yan,; B. R. Wulan,; Q. Jiang, Efficient visible-light- driven hydrogen generation from water splitting catalyzed by highly stable CdS@Mo2C-C core-shell nanorods. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 15862-15868.
DOI Google Scholar
[52]
X. Yang,; H. L. Tao,; W. R. Leow,; J. J. Li,; Y. X. Tan,; Y. F. Zhang,; T. Zhang,; X. D. Chen,; S. Y. Gao,; R. Cao, Oxygen-vacancies- engaged efficient carrier utilization for the photocatalytic coupling reaction. Chin. J. Catal. 2019, 373, 116-125.
DOI Google Scholar
[53]
Y. Li,; X. Y. Wang,; J. Gong,; Y. H. Xie,; X. Y. Wu,; G. K. Zhang, Graphene-based nanocomposites for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution: Insight into the interface toward separation of photogenerated charges. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 43760-43767.
DOI Google Scholar
[54]
K. Wang,; Y. Li,; J. Li,; G. K. Zhang, Boosting interfacial charge separation of Ba5Nb4O15/g-C3N4 photocatalysts by 2D/2D nanojunction towards efficient visible-light driven H2 generation. Appl. Catal. B 2020, 263, 117730.
DOI Google Scholar
[55]
D. D. Gao,; X. H. Wu,; P. Wang,; Y. Xu,; H. G. Yu,; J. G. Yu, Simultaneous realization of direct photoinduced deposition and improved H2-evolution performance of Sn-nanoparticle-modified TiO2 photocatalyst. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 10084-10094.
DOI Google Scholar
[56]
D. D. Gao,; W. J. Liu,; Y. Xu,; P. Wang,; J. J. Fan,; H. G. Yu, Core-shell Ag@Ni cocatalyst on the TiO2 photocatalyst: One-step photoinduced deposition and its improved H2-evolution activity. Appl. Catal. B 2020, 260, 118190.
DOI Google Scholar
File
12274_2020_3156_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (1 MB)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 31 July 2020
Revised: 28 September 2020
Accepted: 29 September 2020
Published: 13 November 2020
Issue date: April 2021

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51872221 and 21771142) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. WUT 2019IB002).

Return