Journal Home > Volume 14 , Issue 4
Nano Research 2021, 14(4): 1034-1042 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3147-4
Research Article | Issue | Published: 06 November 2020

Efficient fully blade-coated perovskite solar cells in air with nanometer-thick bathocuproine buffer layer

Show Author's Information Sergio Castro-Hermosa1,2,3( ),  Luana Wouk1,  Izabela Silva Bicalho1,  Luiza de Queiroz Corrêa1,  Bas de Jong4,5,  Lucio Cinà4,  Thomas M. Brown2,  Diego Bagnis1( )
CSEM Brasil, Avenida José Cândido da Silveira, 2000, 31035-536 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
Hydro Engineering and Agricultural Development Research Group (GHIDA), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Surcolombiana, Avenida Pastrana Borrero-Carrera 1, 410001 Neiva, Colombia
Cicci Research srl, via Giordania 227, 58100 Grosseto, Italy
Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
Keywords:
perovskite, buffer, bathocuproine (BCP), blade coating, printed electronics
Topics:
Atomic force microscopyCoatings PerovskitePerovskite solar cellsTin oxides
Cite this article:
Castro-Hermosa S, Wouk L, Bicalho IS, et al. Efficient fully blade-coated perovskite solar cells in air with nanometer-thick bathocuproine buffer layer. Nano Research, 2021, 14(4): 1034-1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3147-4
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

808

Views

44

Downloads

Citations

32

Crossref

N/A

WoS

28

Scopus

1

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Fully printed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated in air with all constituent layers, except for electrodes, deposited by the blade coating technique. The PSCs incorporated, for the first time, a nanometer-thick printed bathocuproine (BCP) hole blocking buffer using blade coating and deposited at relative humidity up to 50%. The PSCs with a p-i-n structure (glass/indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/CH3NH3PbI3/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/BCP/Ag) delivered a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.9% on an active area of 0.5 cm2 when measured under standard test conditions. The PSCs with a blade coated BCP delivered performance of 10% and 63% higher (in relative terms) than those incorporating a spin coated BCP or without any BCP film, respectively. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that blade coated films were more homogeneous and acted also as a surface planarizer leading to a reduction of roughness which improved BCP/Ag interface lowering charge recombination. The demonstration of 15% efficient devices with all constituent layers, including nanometer-thick BCP (~ 10 nm), deposited by blade coating in air, demonstrates a route for industrialization of this technology.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Efficient fully blade-coated perovskite solar cells in air with nanometer-thick bathocuproine buffer layer

Show Author's information Sergio Castro-Hermosa1,2,3( ), Luana Wouk1, Izabela Silva Bicalho1, Luiza de Queiroz Corrêa1, Bas de Jong4,5, Lucio Cinà4, Thomas M. Brown2, Diego Bagnis1( )
CSEM Brasil, Avenida José Cândido da Silveira, 2000, 31035-536 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
Hydro Engineering and Agricultural Development Research Group (GHIDA), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Surcolombiana, Avenida Pastrana Borrero-Carrera 1, 410001 Neiva, Colombia
Cicci Research srl, via Giordania 227, 58100 Grosseto, Italy
Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy

Abstract

Fully printed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated in air with all constituent layers, except for electrodes, deposited by the blade coating technique. The PSCs incorporated, for the first time, a nanometer-thick printed bathocuproine (BCP) hole blocking buffer using blade coating and deposited at relative humidity up to 50%. The PSCs with a p-i-n structure (glass/indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/CH3NH3PbI3/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/BCP/Ag) delivered a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.9% on an active area of 0.5 cm2 when measured under standard test conditions. The PSCs with a blade coated BCP delivered performance of 10% and 63% higher (in relative terms) than those incorporating a spin coated BCP or without any BCP film, respectively. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that blade coated films were more homogeneous and acted also as a surface planarizer leading to a reduction of roughness which improved BCP/Ag interface lowering charge recombination. The demonstration of 15% efficient devices with all constituent layers, including nanometer-thick BCP (~ 10 nm), deposited by blade coating in air, demonstrates a route for industrialization of this technology.

Keywords: perovskite, buffer, bathocuproine (BCP), blade coating, printed electronics

References(74)

[1]
National Renewable Enery Laboratory. Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart [Online]. https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html (accessed Aug 31, 2020).
[2]
M. Saliba,; J. P. Correa-Baena,; C. M. Wolff,; M. Stolterfoht,; N. Phung,; S. Albrecht,; D. Neher,; A. Abate, How to make over 20% efficient perovskite solar cells in regular (n-i-p) and inverted (p-i-n) architectures. Chem. Mater. 2018, 30, 4193-4201.
Google Scholar
[3]
I. Burgués-Ceballos,; M. Stella,; P. Lacharmoise,; E. Martínez-Ferrero, Towards industrialization of polymer solar cells: Material processing for upscaling. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 17711-17722.
Google Scholar
[4]
F. Huang,; M. J. Li,; P. Siffalovic,; G. Z. Cao,; J. J. Tian, From scalable solution fabrication of perovskite films towards commercialization of solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 518-549.
Google Scholar
[5]
S. Razza,; S. Castro-Hermosa,; A. Di Carlo,; T. M. Brown, Research update: Large-area deposition, coating, printing, and processing techniques for the upscaling of perovskite solar cell technology. APL Mater. 2016, 4, 091508.
Google Scholar
[6]
M. J. Yang,; Z. Li,; M. O. Reese,; O. G. Reid,; D. H. Kim,; S. Siol,; T. R. Klein,; Y. F. Yan,; J. J. Berry,; M. F. A. M. van Hest, et al. Perovskite ink with wide processing window for scalable high- efficiency solar cells. Nat. Energy 2017, 2, 17038.
Google Scholar
[7]
B. J. Dou,; J. B. Whitaker,; K. Bruening,; D. T. Moore,; L. M. Wheeler,; J. Ryter,; N. J. Breslin,; J. J. Berry,; S. M. Garner,; F. S. Barnes, et al. Roll-to-roll printing of perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 2558-2565.
Google Scholar
[8]
Y. Galagan,; F. Di Giacomo,; H. Gorter,; G. Kirchner,; I. de Vries,; R. Andriessen,; P. Groen, Roll-to-roll slot die coated perovskite for efficient flexible solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1801935.
Google Scholar
[9]
J. B. Whitaker,; D. H. Kim,; B. W. Larson,; F. Zhang,; J. J. Berry,; M. F. A. M. van Hest,; K. Zhu, Scalable slot-die coating of high performance perovskite solar cells. Sustain. Energy Fuels 2018, 2, 2442-2449.
Google Scholar
[10]
N. Ahn,; D. Y. Son,; I. H. Jang,; S. M. Kang,; M. Choi,; N. G. Park, Highly reproducible perovskite solar cells with average efficiency of 18.3% and best efficiency of 19.7% fabricated via lewis base adduct of lead(II) iodide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 8696-8699.
Google Scholar
[11]
H. Uratani,; K. Yamashita, Charge carrier trapping at surface defects of perovskite solar cell absorbers: A first-principles study. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 742-746.
Google Scholar
[12]
Y. H. Seo,; E. C. Kim,; S. P. Cho,; S. S. Kim,; S. I. Na, High- performance planar perovskite solar cells: Influence of solvent upon performance. Appl. Mater. Today 2017, 9, 598-604.
Google Scholar
[13]
J. B. Li,; R. Munir,; Y. Y. Fan,; T. Q. Niu,; Y. C. Liu,; Y. F. Zhong,; Z. Yang,; Y. S. Tian,; B. Liu,; J. Sun, et al. Phase transition control for high-performance blade-coated perovskite solar cells. Joule 2018, 2, 1313-1330.
Google Scholar
[14]
Z. B. Yang,; C. C. Chueh,; F. Zuo,; J. H. Kim,; P. W. Liang,; A. K. Y. Jen, High-performance fully printable perovskite solar cells via blade-coating technique under the ambient condition. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1500328.
Google Scholar
[15]
F. Di Giacomo,; S. Shanmugam,; H. Fledderus,; B. J. Bruijnaers,; W. J. H. Verhees,; M. S. Dorenkamper,; S. C. Veenstra,; W. M. Qiu,; R. Gehlhaar,; T. Merckx, et al. Up-scalable sheet-to-sheet production of high efficiency perovskite module and solar cells on 6-in. substrate using slot die coating. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 181, 53-59.
Google Scholar
[16]
W. Zhang,; M. Saliba,; D. T. Moore,; S. K. Pathak,; M. T. Hörantner,; T. Stergiopoulos,; S. D. Stranks,; G. E. Eperon,; J. A. Alexander-Webber,; A. Abate, et al. Ultrasmooth organic-inorganic perovskite thin-film formation and crystallization for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6142.
Google Scholar
[17]
C. Li,; Q. Guo,; W. Y. Qiao,; Q. Chen,; S. Ma,; X. Pan,; F. Z. Wang,; J. X. Yao,; C. F. Zhang,; M. Xiao, et al. Efficient lead acetate sourced planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells with enhanced substrate coverage via one-step spin-coating. Org. Electron. 2016, 33, 194-200.
Google Scholar
[18]
F. K. Aldibaja,; L. Badia,; E. Mas-Marzá,; R. S. Sánchez,; E. M. Barea,; I. Mora-Sero, Effect of different lead precursors on perovskite solar cell performance and stability. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 9194-9200.
Google Scholar
[19]
W. Qiu,; T. Merckx,; M. Jaysankar,; C. Masse de la Huerta,; L. Rakocevic,; W. Zhang,; U. W. Paetzold,; R. Gehlhaar,; L. Froyen,; J. Poortmans, et al. Pinhole-free perovskite films for efficient solar modules. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 484-489.
Google Scholar
[20]
W. G. Kong,; G. L. Wang,; J. M. Zheng,; H. Hu,; H. Chen,; Y. L. Li,; M. M. Hu,; X. Y. Zhou,; C. Liu,; B. N. Chandrashekar, et al. Fabricating high-efficient blade-coated perovskite solar cells under ambient condition using lead acetate trihydrate. Sol. RRL 2018, 2, 1700214.
Google Scholar
[21]
J. E. Kim,; Y. S. Jung,; Y. J. Heo,; K. Hwang,; T. S. Qin,; D. Y. Kim,; D. Vak, Slot die coated planar perovskite solar cells via blowing and heating assisted one step deposition. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 179, 80-86.
Google Scholar
[22]
G. Cotella,; J. Baker,; D. Worsley,; F. De Rossi,; C. Pleydell-Pearce,; M. Carnie,; T. Watson, One-step deposition by slot-die coating of mixed lead halide perovskite for photovoltaic applications. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2017, 159, 362-369.
Google Scholar
[23]
M. Kohlstädt,; M. A. Yakoob,; U. Würfel, A matter of drying: Blade-coating of lead acetate sourced planar inverted perovskite solar cells on active areas >1 cm2. Phys. Status Solidi 2018, 215, 1800419.
Google Scholar
[24]
F. Matteocci,; S. Razza,; F. Di Giacomo,; S. Casaluci,; G. Mincuzzi,; T. M. Brown,; A. D’Epifanio,; S. Licoccia,; A. Di Carlo, Solid-state solar modules based on mesoscopic organometal halide perovskite: A route towards the up-scaling process. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 3918-3923.
Google Scholar
[25]
Q. Zhao,; G. R. Li,; J. Song,; Y. L. Zhao,; Y. H. Qiang,; X. P. Gao, Improving the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells with acetate. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 38670.
Google Scholar
[26]
J. J. Ye,; X. H. Zhang,; L. Z. Zhu,; H. Y. Zheng,; G. Z. Liu,; H. X. Wang,; T. Hayat,; X. Pan,; S. Y. Dai, Enhanced morphology and stability of high-performance perovskite solar cells with ultra-smooth surface and high fill factor via crystal growth engineering. Sustain. Energy Fuels 2017, 1, 907-914.
Google Scholar
[27]
T. H. Liu,; K. Chen,; Q. Hu,; R. Zhu,; Q. H. Gong, Inverted perovskite solar cells: Progresses and perspectives. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1600457.
Google Scholar
[28]
C. L. Chen,; S. S. Zhang,; S. H. Wu,; W. J. Zhang,; H. M. Zhu,; Z. Z. Xiong,; Y. J. Zhang,; W. Chen, Effect of BCP buffer layer on eliminating charge accumulation for high performance of inverted perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 35819-35826.
Google Scholar
[29]
J. Dagar,; S. Castro-Hermosa,; G. Lucarelli,; A. Zampetti,; F. Cacialli,; T. M. Brown, Low-temperature solution-processed thin SnO2/Al2O3 double electron transport layers toward 20% efficient perovskite solar cells. IEEE J. Photovolt. 2019, 9, 1309-1315.
Google Scholar
[30]
J. Dagar,; S. Castro-Hermosa,; G. Lucarelli,; F. Cacialli,; T. M. Brown, Highly efficient perovskite solar cells for light harvesting under indoor illumination via solution processed SnO2/MgO composite electron transport layers. Nano Energy 2018, 49, 290-299.
Google Scholar
[31]
W. Q. Wu,; P. N. Rudd,; Q. Wang,; Z. B. Yang,; J. S. Huang, Blading phase-pure formamidinium-alloyed perovskites for high-efficiency solar cells with low photovoltage deficit and improved stability. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2000995.
Google Scholar
[32]
W. Q. Wu,; P. N. Rudd,; Z. Y. Ni,; C. H. Van Brackle,; H. T. Wei,; Q. Wang,; B. R. Ecker,; Y. L. Gao,; J. S. Huang, Reducing surface halide deficiency for efficient and stable iodide-based perovskite solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 3989-3996.
Google Scholar
[33]
C. Stenta,; M. P. Montero-Rama,; A. Viterisi,; W. Cambarau,; E. Palomares,; L. F. Marsal, Solution processed bathocuproine for organic solar cells. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 2018, 17, 128-132.
Google Scholar
[34]
J. Cui,; P. F. Li,; Z. F. Chen,; K. Cao,; D. Li,; J. B. Han,; Y. Shen,; M. Y. Peng,; Y. Q. Fu,; M. K. Wang, Phosphor coated NiO-based planar inverted organometallic halide perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency and stability. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2016, 109, 171103.
Google Scholar
[35]
Y. X. Wang,; J. H. Zhang,; Y. H. Wu,; Z. C. Yi,; F. Chi,; H. H. Wang,; W. S. Li,; Y. Zhang,; X. W. Zhang,; L. M. Liu, Solution-processed bathocuproine cathode buffer layer towards efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2019, 34, 075023.
Google Scholar
[36]
D. X. Yuan,; X. D. Yuan,; Q. Y. Xu,; M. F. Xu,; X. B. Shi,; Z. K. Wang,; L. S. Liao, A solution-processed bathocuproine cathode interfacial layer for high-performance bromine-iodine perovskite solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 26653-26658.
Google Scholar
[37]
M. He,; B. Li,; X. Cui,; B. B. Jiang,; Y. J. He,; Y. H. Chen,; D. O’Neil,; P. Szymanski,; M. A. EI-Sayed,; J. S. Huang, et al. Meniscus-assisted solution printing of large-grained perovskite films for high-efficiency solar cells. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 16045.
Google Scholar
[38]
Y. H. Deng,; X. P. Zheng,; Y. Bai,; Q. Wang,; J. J. Zhao,; J. S. Huang, Surfactant-controlled ink drying enables high-speed deposition of perovskite films for efficient photovoltaic modules. Nat. Energy 2018, 3, 560-566.
Google Scholar
[39]
S. Razza,; S. Castro-Hermosa,; A. Di Carlo,; T. M. Brown, Research update: Large-area deposition, coating, printing, and processing techniques for the upscaling of perovskite solar cell technology. APL Mater. 2016, 4, 091508.
Google Scholar
[40]
Y. F. Yan,; W. J. Yin,; T. T. Shi,; W. W. Meng,; C. B. Feng, Defect physics of CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br, Cl) perovskites. In Organic- Inorganic Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics: From Fundamentals to Device Architectures; N. G. Park,; M. Grätzel,; T. Miyasaka,, Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2016; pp 79-105.
[41]
J. Schlipf,; Y. H. Hu,; S. Pratap,; L. Bießmann,; N. Hohn,; L. Porcar,; T. Bein,; P. Docampo,; P. Müller-Buschbaum, Shedding light on the moisture stability of 3D/2D hybrid perovskite heterojunction thin films. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 1011-1018.
Google Scholar
[42]
J. A. Yang,; A. D. Xiao,; L. S. Xie,; K. J. Liao,; X. Y. Deng,; C. B. Li,; A. L. Wang,; Y. Xiang,; T. S. Li,; F. Hao, Precise control of PbI2 excess into grain boundary for efficacious charge extraction in off-stoichiometric perovskite solar cells. Electrochim. Acta 2020, 338, 135697.
Google Scholar
[43]
X. D. Ren,; Z. Yang,; D. Yang,; X. Zhang,; D. Cui,; Y. C. Liu,; Q. B. Wei,; H. B. Fan,; S. Z. Liu, Modulating crystal grain size and optoelectronic properties of perovskite films for solar cells by reaction temperature. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 3816-3822.
Google Scholar
[44]
Z. R. Liang,; S. H. Zhang,; X. Q. Xu,; N. Wang,; J. X. Wang,; X. Wang,; Z. N. Bi,; G. Xu,; N. Y. Yuan,; J. N. Ding, A large grain size perovskite thin film with a dense structure for planar heterojunction solar cells via spray deposition under ambient conditions. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 60562-60569.
Google Scholar
[45]
J. Y. Yun,; J. Jun,; H. Yu,; K. Lee,; J. Ryu,; J. Lee,; J. Jang, Highly efficient perovskite solar cells incorporating NiO nanotubes: Increased grain size and enhanced charge extraction. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 21750-21756.
Google Scholar
[46]
G. Lu,; W. D. Zhu,; F. Q. He,; D. Z. Chen,; C. F. Zhang,; Y. Hao, Enhanced sensitivity of grain sizes to precursor stoichiometry enables high-quality CH3NH3PbI3 films for efficient perovskite solar cells. Mater. Lett. 2019, 250, 88-91.
Google Scholar
[47]
C. Quarti,; G. Grancini,; E. Mosconi,; P. Bruno,; J. M. Ball,; M. M. Lee,; H. J. Snaith,; A. Petrozza,; F. De Angelis, The raman spectrum of the CH3NH3PbI3 hybrid perovskite: Interplay of theory and experiment. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 279-284.
Google Scholar
[48]
P. Pistor,; A. Ruiz,; A. Cabot,; V. Izquierdo-Roca, Advanced Raman spectroscopy of methylammonium lead iodide: Development of a non-destructive characterisation methodology. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 35973.
Google Scholar
[49]
Y. Xie,; F. Shao,; Y. M. Wang,; T. Xu,; D. L. Wang,; F. Q. Huang, Enhanced performance of perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 solar cell by using CH3NH3I as additive in sequential deposition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 12937-12942.
Google Scholar
[50]
W. G. Kong,; A. Rahimi-Iman,; G. Bi,; X. S. Dai,; H. Z. Wu, Oxygen intercalation induced by photocatalysis on the surface of hybrid lead halide perovskites. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 7606-7611.
Google Scholar
[51]
A. S. Yerramilli,; Y. Q. Chen,; D. Sanni,; J. Asare,; N. D. Theodore,; T. L. Alford, Impact of excess lead on the stability and photo-induced degradation of lead halide perovskite solar cells. Org. Electron. 2018, 59, 107-112.
Google Scholar
[52]
T. Baikie,; Y. N. Fang,; J. M. Kadro,; M. Schreyer,; F. X. Wei,; S. G. Mhaisalkar,; M. Graetzel,; T. J. White, Synthesis and crystal chemistry of the hybrid perovskite (CH3NH3)PbI3 for solid-state sensitised solar cell applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 5628-5641.
Google Scholar
[53]
X. N. Sun,; M. Gobbi,; A. Bedoya-Pinto,; O. Txoperena,; F. Golmar,; R. Llopis,; A. Chuvilin,; F. Casanova,; L. E. Hueso, Room-temperature air-stable spin transport in bathocuproine-based spin valves. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2794.
Google Scholar
[54]
A. K. Chauhan,; A. Gusain,; P. Jha,; P. Veerender,; S. P. Koiry,; C. Sridevi,; D. K. Aswal,; S. K. Gupta,; D. Taguchi,; T. Manaka, et al. Interfacial charge trapping in the polymer solar cells and its elimination by solvent annealing. AIP Adv. 2016, 6, 095012.
Google Scholar
[55]
F. C. Krebs, Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: A review of printing and coating techniques. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009, 93, 394-412.
Google Scholar
[56]
B. T. Chen, Investigation of the solvent-evaporation effect on spin coating of thin films. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1983, 23, 399-403.
Google Scholar
[57]
C. H. Jun,; S. Ohisa,; Y. J. Pu,; T. Chiba,; J. Kido, Comparison of spin and blade coating methods in solution-process for organic light-emitting devices. J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol. 2015, 28, 343-347.
Google Scholar
[58]
N. G. Park,; K. Zhu, Scalable fabrication and coating methods for perovskite solar cells and solar modules. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2020, 5, 333-350.
Google Scholar
[59]
B. Chen,; M. J. Yang,; S. Priya,; K. Zhu, Origin of J-V hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7, 905-917.
Google Scholar
[60]
C. T. Lin,; S. Pont,; J. Kim,; T. Du,; S. D. Xu,; X. E. Li,; D. Bryant,; M. A. Mclachlan,; J. R. Durrant, Passivation against oxygen and light induced degradation by the PCBM electron transport layer in planar perovskite solar cells. Sustain. Energy Fuels 2018, 2, 1686-1692.
Google Scholar
[61]
Y. C. Shao,; Z. G. Xiao,; C. Bi,; Y. B. Yuan,; J. S. Huang, Origin and elimination of photocurrent hysteresis by fullerene passivation in CH3NH3PbI3 planar heterojunction solar cells. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5784.
Google Scholar
[62]
J. Dagar,; S. Castro-Hermosa,; M. Gasbarri,; A. L. Palma,; L. Cina,; F. Matteocci,; E. Calabrò,; A. Di Carlo,; T. M. Brown, Efficient fully laser-patterned flexible perovskite modules and solar cells based on low-temperature solution-processed SnO2/mesoporous-TiO2 electron transport layers. Nano Res. 2018, 11, 2669-2681.
Google Scholar
[63]
D. Tsikritzis,; K. Rogdakis,; K. Chatzimanolis,; M. Petrović,; N. Tzoganakis,; L. Najafi,; B. Martín-García,; R. Oropesa-Nuñez,; S. Bellani,; A. E. Del Rio Castillo, et al. A two-fold engineering approach based on Bi2Te3 flakes towards efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells. Mater. Adv. 2020, 1, 450-462.
Google Scholar
[64]
U. K. Thakur,; A. M. Askar,; R. Kisslinger,; B. D. Wiltshire,; P. Kar,; K. Shankar, Halide perovskite solar cells using monocrystalline TiO2 nanorod arrays as electron transport layers: Impact of nanorod morphology. Nanotechnology 2017, 28, 274001.
Google Scholar
[65]
X. L. Ji,; B. Q. Liu,; H. J. Tang,; X. L. Yang,; X. Li,; H. M. Gong,; B. Shen,; P. Han,; F. Yan, 2.6 μm MBE grown InGaAs detectors with dark current of SRH and TAT. AIP Adv. 2014, 4, 087135.
Google Scholar
[66]
G. A. H. Wetzelaer,; M. Kuik,; M. Lenes,; P. W. M. Blom, Origin of the dark-current ideality factor in polymer: Fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 99, 153506.
Google Scholar
[67]
J. Carrillo,; A. Guerrero,; S. Rahimnejad,; O. Almora,; I. Zarazua,; E. Mas-Marza,; J. Bisquert,; G. Garcia-Belmonte, Ionic reactivity at contacts and aging of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1502246.
Google Scholar
[68]
D. Moerman,; G. E. Eperon,; J. T. Precht,; D. S. Ginger, Correlating photoluminescence heterogeneity with local electronic properties in methylammonium lead tribromide perovskite thin films. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 5484-5492.
Google Scholar
[69]
R. D. Chavan,; P. Yadav,; A. Nimbalkar,; S. P. Bhoite,; P. N. Bhosale,; C. Kook Hong, Ruthenium doped mesoporous titanium dioxide for highly efficient, hysteresis-free and stable perovskite solar cells. Sol. Energy 2019, 186, 156-165.
Google Scholar
[70]
J. Hidalgo,; A. F. Castro-Méndez,; J. Correa-Baena, Imaging and mapping characterization tools for perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1900444.
Google Scholar
[71]
B. J. Dou,; E. M. Miller,; J. A. Christians,; E. M. Sanehira,; T. R. Klein,; F. S. Barnes,; S. E. Shaheen,; S. M. Garner,; S. Ghosh,; A. Mallick, et al. High-performance flexible perovskite solar cells on ultrathin glass: Implications of the TCO. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 4960-4966.
Google Scholar
[72]
M. Saliba,; T. Matsui,; J. Y. Seo,; K. Domanski,; J. P. Correa-Baena,; M. K. Nazeeruddin,; S. M. Zakeeruddin,; W. Tress,; A. Abate,; A. Hagfeldt, et al. Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: Improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 1989-1997.
Google Scholar
[73]
N. G. Park, Research direction toward scalable, stable, and high efficiency perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903106.
Google Scholar
[74]
D. Di Girolamo,; F. Matteocci,; F. U. Kosasih,; G. Chistiakova,; W. W. Zuo,; G. Divitini,; L. Korte,; C. Ducati,; A. Di Carlo,; D. Dini, et al. Stability and dark hysteresis correlate in NiO-based perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1901642.
Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 29 April 2020
Revised: 27 September 2020
Accepted: 28 September 2020
Published: 06 November 2020
Issue date: April 2021

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (PETROBRAS) under the project "Research and Development of Perovskite formulations for production of printed photovoltaic cells and modules" for funding. S. C.-H and T. M. B. acknowledge to have received funding from Departamento del Huila’s Scholarship Program No. 677 from Huila, Colombia, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 763989 APOLO, Lazio Region "Gruppi di Ricerca" under project no. 85-2017-15373 (SIROH) according to L.R. Lazio 13/08, and the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MIUR) through the PRIN2017 BOOSTER (project n.2017YXX8AZ) grant. This publication reflects only the authors’ views and the funding agencies are not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. We thank to Gabriela Amorim for solar cell encapsulation. We thank engineering department at CSEM Brasil for developing the nitrogen blower system. We thank to Centro de Microscopia, Laboratório de Caracterização e de Processamento de Nanomateriais from Federal University of Minas Gerais, for providing the experimental facilities and Prof. Wagner da Nova Mussel for XRD results.

Return