Journal Home > Volume 13 , Issue 10
Nano Research 2020, 13(10): 2770-2776 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2927-1
Research Article | Issue | Published: 05 October 2020

Amplified fluorescence of Mg2+ selective red-light emitting carbon dot in water and direct evaluation of creatine kinase activity

Show Author's Information Saptarshi Mandal,  Jagannath Pal,  Ranga Subramanian,  Prolay Das( )
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 801103, India
Keywords:
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), fluorescence amplification, carbon dot (CD), Mg2+ indicator, creatine kinase (CK)
Topics:
Boric acidCarbonDensity functional theoryFluorescenceMagnesium compoundsMedical applicationsMetal ionsSemiconductor quantum dots
Cite this article:
Mandal S, Pal J, Subramanian R, et al. Amplified fluorescence of Mg2+ selective red-light emitting carbon dot in water and direct evaluation of creatine kinase activity. Nano Research, 2020, 13(10): 2770-2776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2927-1
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

520

Views

21

Downloads

Citations

19

Crossref

N/A

WoS

16

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Carbon quantum dot/carbon dot (CD) exhibiting sustained photoluminescence at longer wavelengths in aqueous solution is difficult to prepare, but has enormous potential in biomedical applications. For the first time, we report the magnesium(II) selective fluorescence enhancement of a red-light emitting anthrarufin and boric acid-derived CD in aqueous solution for direct evaluation of creatine kinase (CK) enzyme activity. The CD displayed visually detectable, intense red fluorescence only in the presence of magnesium ion (Mg2+) at physiological pH value when irradiated with an ultraviolet (UV) source. Concurrently, a significant increase in steady-state fluorescence intensity and fluorescence lifetime was documented. A time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) analysis displayed a bathochromic shift in UV-visible (vis) absorption, and increased oscillator strength of transition resulting from the selective chelation of Mg2+ with β-hydroxy keto functionality on the surface of the CD. The CD-Mg2+ assembly was subsequently used to conceptualize the detection of CK directly through the exploration of the differential binding affinity of Mg2+ with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphophate (ADP), and CD that is otherwise not possible with commercially available kits as of today. Thus, the report delineated here usher grandeur potential of CD for biological explorations related to Mg2+ or ATP sensing and monitoring of Mg2+-dependent enzymatic activity through a clear understanding of the chemistry.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Amplified fluorescence of Mg2+ selective red-light emitting carbon dot in water and direct evaluation of creatine kinase activity

Show Author's information Saptarshi Mandal, Jagannath Pal, Ranga Subramanian, Prolay Das( )
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 801103, India

Abstract

Carbon quantum dot/carbon dot (CD) exhibiting sustained photoluminescence at longer wavelengths in aqueous solution is difficult to prepare, but has enormous potential in biomedical applications. For the first time, we report the magnesium(II) selective fluorescence enhancement of a red-light emitting anthrarufin and boric acid-derived CD in aqueous solution for direct evaluation of creatine kinase (CK) enzyme activity. The CD displayed visually detectable, intense red fluorescence only in the presence of magnesium ion (Mg2+) at physiological pH value when irradiated with an ultraviolet (UV) source. Concurrently, a significant increase in steady-state fluorescence intensity and fluorescence lifetime was documented. A time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) analysis displayed a bathochromic shift in UV-visible (vis) absorption, and increased oscillator strength of transition resulting from the selective chelation of Mg2+ with β-hydroxy keto functionality on the surface of the CD. The CD-Mg2+ assembly was subsequently used to conceptualize the detection of CK directly through the exploration of the differential binding affinity of Mg2+ with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphophate (ADP), and CD that is otherwise not possible with commercially available kits as of today. Thus, the report delineated here usher grandeur potential of CD for biological explorations related to Mg2+ or ATP sensing and monitoring of Mg2+-dependent enzymatic activity through a clear understanding of the chemistry.

Keywords: adenosine triphosphate (ATP), fluorescence amplification, carbon dot (CD), Mg2+ indicator, creatine kinase (CK)

References(39)

[1]
Hassan, M.; Gomes, V. G.; Dehghani, A.; Ardekani, S. M. Engineering carbon quantum dots for photomediated theranostics. Nano Res. 2018, 11, 1-41.
Google Scholar
[2]
Yuan, F. L.; Li, S. H.; Fan, Z. T.; Meng, X. Y.; Fan, L. Z.; Yang, S. H. Shining carbon dots: Synthesis and biomedical and optoelectronic applications. Nano Today 2016, 11, 565-586.
Google Scholar
[3]
Zheng, X. T.; Ananthanarayanan, A.; Luo, K. Q.; Chen, P. Glowing graphene quantum dots and carbon dots: Properties, syntheses, and biological applications. Small 2015, 11, 1620-1636.
Google Scholar
[4]
Zhang, J.; Yu, S. H. Carbon dots: Large-scale synthesis, sensing and bioimaging. Mater. Today 2016, 19, 382-393.
Google Scholar
[5]
Zu, F. L..; Yan, F. Y.; Bai, Z. J.; Xu, J. X.; Wang, Y. Y.; Huang, Y. C.; Zhou, X. G. The quenching of the fluorescence of carbon dots: A review on mechanisms and applications. Microchim. Acta 2017, 184, 1899-1914.
Google Scholar
[6]
Semeniuk, M.; Yi, Z. H.; Poursorkhabi, V.; Tjong, J.; Jaffer, S.; Lu, Z. H.; Sain, M. Future perspectives and review on organic carbon dots in electronic applications. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 6224-6255.
Google Scholar
[7]
Gao, D.; Liu, X. L.; Jiang, D. L.; Zhao, H.; Zhu, Y. D.; Chen, X. Q.; Luo, H. R.; Fan, H. S.; Zhang, X. D. Exploring of multicolor emissive carbon dots with novel double emission mechanism. Sens. Actuators, B: Chem. 2018, 277, 373-380.
Google Scholar
[8]
Wang, H.; Sun, C.; Chen, X. R.; Zhang, Y.; Colvin, V. L.; Rice, Q.; Seo, J.; Feng, S. Y.; Wang, S. N.; Yu, W. W. Excitation wavelength independent visible color emission of carbon dots. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 1909-1915.
Google Scholar
[9]
Zhu, S. J.; Song, Y. B.; Wang, J.; Wan, H.; Zhang, Y.; Ning, Y.; Yang, B. Photoluminescence mechanism in graphene quantum dots: Quantum confinement effect and surface/edge state. Nano Today 2017, 13, 10-14.
Google Scholar
[10]
WZhang, T. X.; Zhu, J. Y.; Zhai, Y.; Wang, H.; Bai, X.; Dong, B.; Wang, H. Y.; Song, H. W. A novel mechanism for red emission carbon dots: Hydrogen bond dominated molecular states emission. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 13042-13051.
Google Scholar
[11]
Yan, F. Y.; Sun, Z. H.; Zhang, H.; Sun, X. D.; Jiang, Y. X.; Bai, Z. J. The fluorescence mechanism of carbon dots, and methods for tuning their emission color: A review. Microchim. Acta 2019, 186, 583.
Google Scholar
[12]
Cheng, J.; Wang, C. F.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, S. Y.; Chen, S. Zinc ion- doped carbon dots with strong yellow photoluminescence. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 37189-37194.
Google Scholar
[13]
Fan, Y.; Guo, X. Y.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Lv, Y.; Zhao, J. L.; Liu, X. Y. Efficient and stable red emissive carbon nanoparticles with a hollow sphere structure for white light-emitting diodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 31863-31870.
Google Scholar
[14]
Zhang, H. Y.; Wang, Y.; Xiao, S.; Wang, H.; Wang, J. H.; Feng, L. Rapid detection of Cr(VI) ions based on cobalt(II)-doped carbon dots. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2017, 87, 46-52.
Google Scholar
[15]
Liu, Y. B.; Chao, D. Y.; Zhou, L.; Li, Y. N.; Deng, R. P.; Zhang, H. J. Yellow emissive carbon dots with quantum yield up to 68.6% from manganese ions. Carbon 2018, 135, 253-259.
Google Scholar
[16]
Chen, B. B.; Liu, M. L.; Li, C. M.; Huang, C. Z. Fluorescent carbon dots functionalization. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2019, 270, 165-190.
Google Scholar
[17]
Yang, S. H.; Sun, X. H.; Wang, Z. Y.; Wang, X. Y.; Guo, G. S.; Pu, Q. S. Anomalous enhancement of fluorescence of carbon dots through lanthanum doping and potential application in intracellular imaging of ferric ion. Nano Res. 2018, 11, 1369-1378.
Google Scholar
[18]
Zuo, G. C.; Hu, J. S.; Wang, Y. T.; Xie, A. M.; Dong, W. Dramatic red fluorescence enhancement and emission red shift of carbon dots following Zn/ZnO decoration. Luminescence 2019, 34, 759-766.
Google Scholar
[19]
Mandal, S.; Prasad, S. R.; Mandal, D.; Das, P. Bovine serum albumin amplified reactive oxygen species generation from anthrarufin- derived carbon dot and concomitant nanoassembly for combination antibiotic-photodynamic therapy application. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 33273-33284.
Google Scholar
[20]
Mandal, S.; Das, P. Ultrasensitive visual detection of mycotoxincitrinin with yellow-light emitting carbon dot and Congo red. Food Chem. 2020, 312, 126076.
Google Scholar
[21]
Du, F. Y.; Yuan, J.; Zhang, M. M.; Li, J. N.; Zhou, Z.; Li, Z.; Cao, M. L.; Chen, J. H.; Zhang, L. R.; Liu, X. et al. Nitrogen-doped carbon dots with heterogeneous multi-layered structures. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 37536-37541.
Google Scholar
[22]
Sahoo, M.; Sreena, K. P.; Vinayan, B. P.; Ramaprabhu, S. Green synthesis of boron doped graphene and its application as highperformance anode material in Li ion battery. Mater. Res. Bull. 2015, 61, 383-390.
Google Scholar
[23]
Liu, Y. H.; Duan, W. X.; Song, W.; Liu, J. J.; Ren, C. L.; Wu, J.; Liu, D.; Chen, H. L. Red emission B, N, S-co-doped carbon dots for colorimetric and fluorescent dual mode detection of Fe3+ ions in complex biological fluids and living cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 12663-12672.
Google Scholar
[24]
Lu, S. Y.; Sui, L. Z.; Liu, J. J.; Zhu, S. J.; Chen, A. M.; Jin, M. X.; Yang, B. Near-infrared photoluminescent polymer-carbon nanodots with two-photon fluorescence. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1603443.
Google Scholar
[25]
Jana, J.; Ganguly, M.; Chandrakumar, K. R. S.; Rao, G. M.; Pal, T. Boron precursor-dependent evolution of differently emitting carbon dots. Langmuir 2017, 33, 573-584.
Google Scholar
[26]
Kim, Y. H.; Yoon, M.; Cho, D. W.; Jeoung, S. C.; Kim, D. Transient resonance Raman spectra of 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone in the lowest excited triplet state. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 1997, 18, 803-805.
Google Scholar
[27]
Farruggia, G.; Iotti, S.; Prodi, L.; Montalti, M.; Zaccheroni, N.; Savage, P. B.; Trapani, V.; Sale, P.; Wolf, F. I. 8-Hydroxyquinoline derivatives as fluorescent sensors for magnesium in living cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 344-350.
Google Scholar
[28]
Komatsu, H.; Iwasawa, N.; Citterio, D.; Suzuki, Y.; Kubota, T.; Tokuno, K.; Kitamura, Y.; Oka, K.; Suzuki, K. Design and synthesis of highly sensitive and selective fluorescein-derived magnesium fluorescent probes and application to intracellular 3D Mg2+ imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 16353-16360.
Google Scholar
[29]
Abrinaei, F. Laser ablation of magnesium in water and investigation of optical nonlinearity by the Z-scan technique. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2016, 33, 864-870.
Google Scholar
[30]
Sheng, P. X.; Ting, Y. P.; Chen, J. P.; Hong, L. Sorption of lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel by marine algal biomass: Characterization of biosorptive capacity and investigation of mechanisms. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 275, 131-141.
Google Scholar
[31]
Zhao, M. L.; Yang, F.; Xue, Y.; Xiao, D.; Guo, Y. A time-dependent DFT study of the absorption and fluorescence properties of graphene quantum dots. Chem. Phys. Chem. 2014, 15, 950-957.
Google Scholar
[32]
Trapani, V.; Farruggia, G.; Marraccini, C.; Iotti, S.; Cittadini, A.; Wolf, F. I. Intracellular magnesium detection: Imaging a brighter future. Analyst 2010, 135, 1855-1866.
Google Scholar
[33]
Jahnen-Dechent, W.; Ketteler, M. Magnesium basics. Clin. Kidney J. 2012, 5, i3-i14.
Google Scholar
[34]
Baird, M. F.; Graham, S. M.; Baker, J. S.; Bickerstaff, G. F. Creatine- kinase- and exercise-related muscle damage implications for muscle performance and recovery. J. Nutr. Metab. 2012, 2012, 960363.
Google Scholar
[35]
Szasz, G.; Gruber, W.; Bernt, E. Creatine kinase in serum: 1. Determination of optimum reaction conditions. Clin. Chem. 1976, 22, 650-656.
Google Scholar
[36]
Pulido, N. O.; Salcedo, G.; Pérez-Hernández, G.; José-Núñez, C.; Velázquez-Campoy, A.; García-Hernández, E. Energetic effects of magnesium in the recognition of adenosine nucleotides by the F1-ATPase β subunit. Biochemistry 2010, 49, 5258-5268.
Google Scholar
[37]
O’Sullivan, W. J.; Smithers, G. W. Stability constants for biologically important metal-ligand complexes. Methods Enzymol. 1979, 63, 294-336.
Google Scholar
[38]
Zhang, M. R.; Su, R. G.; Zhong, J.; Fei, L.; Cai, W.; Guan, Q. W.; Li, W. J.; Li, N.; Chen, Y. S.; Cai, L. L. et al. Red/orange dual-emissive carbon dots for pH sensing and cell imaging. Nano Res. 2019, 12, 815-821.
Google Scholar
[39]
Chandra, S.; Patra, P.; Pathan, S. H.; Roy, S.; Mitra, S.; Layek, A.; Bhar, R.; Pramanik, P.; Goswami, A. Luminescent S-doped carbon dots: An emergent architecture for multimodal applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 2013, 1, 2375-2382.
Google Scholar
File
12274_2020_2927_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (2.4 MB)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 19 April 2020
Revised: 24 May 2020
Accepted: 11 June 2020
Published: 05 October 2020
Issue date: October 2020

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Acknowledgements

P. D. and R. S. thank the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Patna for infrastructural and financial assistance. S. M. and J. P. thank IIT Patna for Institute Research Fellowship.

Return