Journal Home > Volume 13 , Issue 5
Nano Research 2020, 13(5): 1413-1418 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2663-6
Research Article | Issue | Published: 20 May 2020

Self-aligned on-chip coupled photonic devices using individual cadmium sulfide nanobelts

Show Author's Information Jacob S. Berger,  Ho-Seok Ee,  Mingliang Ren,  Daksh Agarwal,  Wenjing Liu,  Ritesh Agarwal( )
Walnut St., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
Keywords:
nanowires, cadmium sulfide, nanobelts, light emitting diode, optical interconnects
Topics:
Cadmium sulfideFabricationIILight emitting diodes Nanobelts Sulfur compoundsVI semiconductors
Cite this article:
Berger JS, Ee H-S, Ren M, et al. Self-aligned on-chip coupled photonic devices using individual cadmium sulfide nanobelts. Nano Research, 2020, 13(5): 1413-1418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2663-6
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

599

Views

16

Downloads

Citations

7

Crossref

N/A

WoS

7

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Nanowires (NWs) and nanobelts (NBs) have been widely studied and fabricated into a variety of nanoscale devices such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers and biosensors. These unique materials have attracted sustained attention due to their novel properties, ease of growth, and the ability to fabricate highly engineered devices. However, their widespread application remains hindered due to the difficulty in integrating multiple NWs or NBs together for more complex devices. Integration of multiple NWs and NBs together on the same chip can enable the coupling of different devices to help realize complex on-chip architectures such as photonic integrated circuits or nanoscale diagnostic tools, which currently require outcoupling using larger components. In this letter we report the coupling of on-chip NB LEDs and photodetectors using a single, precisely self-aligned, cadmium sulfide (CdS) NB fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. Electroluminescence generated by the CdS NB is waveguided and measured across the self-aligned device and demonstrates an on/off ratio of 102-103. This work describes a new method for fabricating and integrating more complex nanoscale devices that can enable advances in areas such as on-chip optical computational components and nanoscale optical biodiagnostics.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Self-aligned on-chip coupled photonic devices using individual cadmium sulfide nanobelts

Show Author's information Jacob S. Berger, Ho-Seok Ee, Mingliang Ren, Daksh Agarwal, Wenjing Liu, Ritesh Agarwal( )
Walnut St., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA

Abstract

Nanowires (NWs) and nanobelts (NBs) have been widely studied and fabricated into a variety of nanoscale devices such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers and biosensors. These unique materials have attracted sustained attention due to their novel properties, ease of growth, and the ability to fabricate highly engineered devices. However, their widespread application remains hindered due to the difficulty in integrating multiple NWs or NBs together for more complex devices. Integration of multiple NWs and NBs together on the same chip can enable the coupling of different devices to help realize complex on-chip architectures such as photonic integrated circuits or nanoscale diagnostic tools, which currently require outcoupling using larger components. In this letter we report the coupling of on-chip NB LEDs and photodetectors using a single, precisely self-aligned, cadmium sulfide (CdS) NB fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. Electroluminescence generated by the CdS NB is waveguided and measured across the self-aligned device and demonstrates an on/off ratio of 102-103. This work describes a new method for fabricating and integrating more complex nanoscale devices that can enable advances in areas such as on-chip optical computational components and nanoscale optical biodiagnostics.

Keywords: nanowires, cadmium sulfide, nanobelts, light emitting diode, optical interconnects

References(52)

[1]
Gao, Z. W.; Jin, W. F.; Li, Y. P.; Song, Q. J.; Wang, Y. L.; Zhang, K.; Wang, S.; Dai, L. Flexible solar cells based on CdSe nanobelt/graphene Schottky junctions. J. Mater. Chem. C 2015, 3, 4511-4514.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]
Kelzenberg, M. D.; Turner-Evans, D. B.; Kayes, B. M.; Filler, M. A.; Putnam, M. C.; Lewis, N. S.; Atwater, H. A. Photovoltaic measurements in single-nanowire silicon solar cells. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 710-714.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]
Ye, Y.; Dai, Y.; Dai, L.; Shi, Z. J.; Liu, N.; Wang, F.; Fu, L.; Peng, R. M.; Wen, X. N.; Chen, Z. J. et al. High-performance single CdS nanowire (nanobelt) schottky junction solar cells with Au/ Graphene schottky electrodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2010, 2, 3406-3410.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]
Zhang, X. W.; Zhang, X. J.; Wang, L.; Wu, Y. M.; Wang, Y.; Gao, P.; Han, Y. Y.; Jie, J. S. ZnSe nanowire/Si p-n heterojunctions: Device construction and optoelectronic applications. Nanotechnology 2013, 24, 395201.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]
Agarwal, D.; Aspetti, C. O.; Cargnello, M.; Ren, M. L.; Yoo, J.; Murray, C. B.; Agarwal, R. Engineering localized surface plasmon interactions in gold by silicon nanowire for enhanced heating and photocatalysis. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 1839-1845.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]
Wei, T. Y.; Huang, C. T.; Hansen, B. J.; Lin, Y. F.; Chen, L. J.; Lu, S. Y.; Wang, Z. L. Large enhancement in photon detection sensitivity via Schottky-gated CdS nanowire nanosensors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96, 013508.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]
Gao, T.; Li, Q. H.; Wang, T. H. CdS nanobelts as photoconductors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 173105.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]
Jie, J. S.; Zhang, W. J.; Jiang, Y.; Meng, X. M.; Li, Y. Q.; Lee, S. T. Photoconductive characteristics of single-crystal CdS nanoribbons. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 1887-1892.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]
Soci, C.; Zhang, A.; Xiang, B.; Dayeh, S. A.; Aplin, D. P. R.; Park, J.; Bao, X. Y.; Lo, Y. H.; Wang, D. ZnO nanowire UV photodetectors with high internal gain. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 1003-1009.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]
Fan, P. Y.; Huang, K. C. Y.; Cao, L. Y.; Brongersma, M. L. Redesigning photodetector electrodes as an optical antenna. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 392-396.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]
Duan, X. F.; Huang, Y.; Agarwal, R.; Lieber, C. M. Single-nanowire electrically driven lasers. Nature 2003, 421, 241-245.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]
Oulton, R. F.; Sorger, V. J.; Zentgraf, T.; Ma, R. M.; Gladden, C.; Dai, L.; Bartal, G.; Zhang, X. Plasmon lasers at deep subwavelength scale. Nature 2009, 461, 629-632.
DOI Google Scholar
[13]
Bao, J. M.; Zimmler, M. A.; Capasso, F.; Wang, X. W.; Ren, Z. F. Broadband ZnO single-nanowire light-emitting diode. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 1719-1722.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]
Tomioka, K.; Motohisa, J.; Hara, S.; Hiruma, K.; Fukui, T. GaAs/AlGaAs core multishell nanowire-based light-emitting diodes on Si. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 1639-1644.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]
Zimmler, M. A.; Stichtenoth, D.; Ronning, C.; Yi, W.; Narayanamurti, V.; Voss, T.; Capasso, F. Scalable fabrication of nanowire photonic and electronic circuits using spin-on glass. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 1695-1699.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]
Park, I.; Li, Z. Y.; Pisano, A. P.; Williams, R. S. Top-down fabricated silicon nanowire sensors for real-time chemical detection. Nanotechnology 2009, 21, 015501.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]
Patolsky, F.; Zheng, G. F.; Lieber, C. M. Nanowire-based biosensors. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 4260-4269.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]
Patolsky, F.; Timko, B. P.; Yu, G. H.; Fang, Y.; Greytak, A. B.; Zheng, G. F.; Lieber, C. M. Detection, stimulation, and inhibition of neuronal signals with high-density nanowire transistor arrays. Science 2006, 313, 1100-1104.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]
Robinson, J. T.; Jorgolli, M.; Shalek, A. K.; Yoon, M. H.; Gertner, R. S.; Park, H. Vertical nanowire electrode arrays as a scalable platform for intracellular interfacing to neuronal circuits. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 180-184.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]
Zheng, G. F.; Patolsky, F.; Cui, Y.; Wang, W. U.; Lieber, C. M. Multiplexed electrical detection of cancer markers with nanowire sensor arrays. Nat. Biotechnol. 2005, 23, 1294-1301.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]
Piccione, B.; Cho, C. H.; van Vugt, L. K.; Agarwal, R. All-optical active switching in individual semiconductor nanowires. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 640-645.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]
Tchernycheva, M.; Messanvi, A.; de Luna Bugallo, A.; Jacopin, G.; Lavenus, P.; Rigutti, L.; Zhang, H.; Halioua, Y.; Julien, F. H.; Eymery, J. et al. Integrated photonic platform based on InGaN/GaN nanowire emitters and detectors. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 3515-3520.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]
Brubaker, M. D.; Blanchard, P. T.; Schlager, J. B.; Sanders, A. W.; Roshko, A.; Duff, S. M.; Gray, J. M.; Bright, V. M.; Sanford, N. A.; Bertness, K. A. On-chip optical interconnects made with Gallium Nitride nanowires. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 374-377.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]
Agarwal, D.; Ren, M. L.; Berger, J. S.; Yoo, J.; Pan, A. L.; Agarwal, R. Nanocavity-enhanced giant stimulated Raman scattering in Si nanowires in the visible light region. Nano Lett. 2019, 19, 1204-1209.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]
Yan, R. X.; Gargas, D.; Yang, P. D. Nanowire photonics. Nat. Photonics 2009, 3, 569-576.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]
Shoaib, M.; Wang, X. X.; Zhang, X. H.; Zhang, Q. L.; Pan, A. L. Controllable vapor growth of large-area aligned CdSxSe1-x nanowires for visible range integratable photodetectors. Nano-Micro Lett. 2018, 10, 58.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]
Shoaib, M.; Zhang, X. H.; Wang, X. X.; Zhou, H.; Xu, T.; Wang, X.; Hu, X. L.; Liu, H. W.; Fan, X. P.; Zheng, W. H. et al. Directional growth of ultralong CsPbBr3 perovskite nanowires for high-performance photodetectors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 15592-15595.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]
Smith, P. A.; Nordquist, C. D.; Jackson, T. N.; Mayer, T. S.; Martin, B. R.; Mbindyo. J.; Mallouk, T. E. Electric-field assisted assembly and alignment of metallic nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 1399-1401.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]
Koto, M.; Leu, P. W.; McIntyre, P. C. Vertical germanium nanowire arrays in microfluidic channels for charged molecule detection. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009, 156, K11-K16.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]
Lee, S. H.; Lee, H. J.; Oh, D.; Lee, S. W.; Goto, H.; Buckmaster, R.; Yasukawa, T.; Matsue, T.; Hong, S. K.; Ko, M. W. C. et al. Control of the ZnO nanowires nucleation site using microfluidic channels. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 3856-3859.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]
Huang, Y.; Duan, X. F.; Wei, Q. Q.; Lieber, C. M. Directed assembly of one-dimensional nanostructures into functional networks. Science 2001, 291, 630-633.
DOI Google Scholar
[32]
Ahn, J. H.; Kim, H. S.; Lee, K. J.; Jeon, S.; Kang, S. J.; Sun, Y. G.; Nuzzo, R. G.; Rogers, J. A. Heterogeneous three-dimensional electronics by use of printed semiconductor nanomaterials. Science 2006, 314, 1754-1757.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]
Messer, B.; Song, J. H.; Yang, P. D. Microchannel networks for nanowire patterning. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10232-10233.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]
Jin, S.; Whang, D.; McAlpine, M. C.; Friedman, R. S.; Wu, Y.; Lieber, C. M. Scalable interconnection and integration of nanowire devices without registration. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 915-919.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]
Whang, D.; Jin, S.; Wu, Y.; Lieber, C. M. Large-scale hierarchical organization of nanowire arrays for integrated nanosystems. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1255-1259.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]
Ko, J.; Carpenter, E.; Issadore, D. Detection and isolation of circulating exosomes and microvesicles for cancer monitoring and diagnostics using micro-/nano-based devices. Analyst 2016, 141, 450-460.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]
Im, H.; Shao, H. L.; Park, Y. I.; Peterson, V. M.; Castro, C. M.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Label-free detection and molecular profiling of exosomes with a nano-plasmonic sensor. Nat. Biotechnol. 2014, 32, 490-495.
DOI Google Scholar
[38]
Patolsky, F.; Zheng, G. F.; Hayden, O.; Lakadamyali, M.; Zhuang, X. W.; Lieber, C. M. Electrical detection of single viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 14017-14022.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]
Bieniewski, T. M.; Czyzak, S. J. Refractive indexes of single hexagonal ZnS and CdS crystals. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1963, 53, 496-497.
DOI Google Scholar
[40]
Jellison, G. E.,Jr. Optical functions of silicon determined by two-channel polarization modulation ellipsometry. Opt. Mater. 1992, 1, 41-47.
DOI Google Scholar
[41]
Piccione, B.; van Vugt, L. K.; Agarwal, R. Propagation loss spectroscopy on single nanowire active waveguides. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2251-2256.
DOI Google Scholar
[42]
van Vugt, L. K.; Zhang, B.; Piccione, B.; Spector, A. A.; Agarwal, R. Size-dependent waveguide dispersion in nanowire optical cavities: Slowed light and dispersionless guiding. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 1684-1688.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]
Qian, F.; Gradečak, S.; Li, Y.; Wen, C. Y.; Lieber, C. M. Core/ Multishell nanowire heterostructures as multicolor, high-efficiency light-emitting diodes. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 2287-2291.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]
Zimmler, M. A.; Voss, T.; Ronning, C.; Capasso, F. Exciton-related electroluminescence from ZnO nanowire light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 241120.
DOI Google Scholar
[45]
Wu, P. C.; Ma. R. M.; Liu, C.; Sun, T.; Ye, Y.; Dai, L. High-performance CdS nanobelt field-effect transistors with high-k HfO2 top-gate dielectrics. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 2125-2130.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]
Green, M. A.; Keevers, M. J. Optical properties of intrinsic silicon at 300 K. Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 1995, 3, 189-192.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]
Li, Q. H.; Gao, T.; Wang, T. H. Optoelectronic characteristics of single CdS nanobelts. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 193109.
DOI Google Scholar
[48]
Paul, G. S.; Agarwal, P. Persistent photocurrent and decay studies in CdS nanorods thin films. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106, 103705.
DOI Google Scholar
[49]
Yin, H.; Akey, A.; Jaramillo, R. Large and persistent photoconductivity due to hole-hole correlation in CdS. Phys. Rev. Mater. 2018, 2, 084602.
DOI Google Scholar
[50]
van Vugt, L. K.; Piccione, B.; Cho, C. H.; Nukala, P.; Agarwal, R. One-dimensional polaritons with size-tunable and enhanced coupling strengths in semiconductor nanowires. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 10050-10055.
DOI Google Scholar
[51]
van Vugt, L. K.; Piccione, B.; Agarwal, R. Incorporating polaritonic effects in semiconductor nanowire waveguide dispersion. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 97, 061115.
DOI Google Scholar
[52]
Piccione, B.; Aspetti, C. O.; Cho, C. H.; Agarwal, R. Tailoring light- matter coupling in semiconductor and hybrid-plasmonic nanowires. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2014, 77, 086401.
DOI Google Scholar
File
12274_2020_2663_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (866.9 KB)
Publication history
Copyright

Publication history

Received: 06 November 2019
Revised: 02 January 2020
Accepted: 14 January 2020
Published: 20 May 2020
Issue date: May 2020

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Return