Journal Home > Volume 12 , Issue 9
Nano Research 2019, 12(9): 2002-2017 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2392-x
Review Article | Issue | Published: 24 April 2019

Vertically-aligned nanostructures for electrochemical energy storage

Show Author's Information Xue Wang1,2,  Tianyang Wang2,  James Borovilas2,  Xiaodong He1( ),  Shanyi Du1( ),  Yuan Yang2( )
Center for Composite Material and StructureSchool of AstronauticsHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
Department of Applied Physics and Applied MathematicsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10025USA
Keywords:
energy storage, lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, nanostructures, tortuosity, vertical alignment
Topics:
Energy storageGrowth kineticsIon batteriesIonsLithiumNanostructuresStorage (materials)Supercapacitor
Cite this article:
Wang X, Wang T, Borovilas J, et al. Vertically-aligned nanostructures for electrochemical energy storage. Nano Research, 2019, 12(9): 2002-2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2392-x
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

858

Views

65

Downloads

Citations

45

Crossref

N/A

WoS

45

Scopus

4

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Energy storage devices with high energy and power densities are highly attractive for various applications ranging from portable electronics to electric vehicles and grid-level energy storage, such as rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. One limiting factor in power density is the ion transport in electrolyte, particularly in tortuous electrode materials with low porosity. A viable approach to enhance ion transport in electrolyte is to create vertically aligned structures and thus reduce electrode tortuosity. In the past decades, various methods have been explored to develop vertically aligned structures. This review summarizes battery kinetics to illustrate the importance of low tortuosity in electrodes, and then introduces various methods to create vertically aligned nanostructures, such as direct growth, templating and microfabrications. The electrochemical performance of electrodes or electrolytes created by each method is presented. At the end, this paper discusses challenges with these structures and the directions these technologies can be taken in the future.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Vertically-aligned nanostructures for electrochemical energy storage

Show Author's information Xue Wang1,2, Tianyang Wang2, James Borovilas2, Xiaodong He1( ), Shanyi Du1( ), Yuan Yang2( )
Center for Composite Material and StructureSchool of AstronauticsHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China
Department of Applied Physics and Applied MathematicsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10025USA

Abstract

Energy storage devices with high energy and power densities are highly attractive for various applications ranging from portable electronics to electric vehicles and grid-level energy storage, such as rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. One limiting factor in power density is the ion transport in electrolyte, particularly in tortuous electrode materials with low porosity. A viable approach to enhance ion transport in electrolyte is to create vertically aligned structures and thus reduce electrode tortuosity. In the past decades, various methods have been explored to develop vertically aligned structures. This review summarizes battery kinetics to illustrate the importance of low tortuosity in electrodes, and then introduces various methods to create vertically aligned nanostructures, such as direct growth, templating and microfabrications. The electrochemical performance of electrodes or electrolytes created by each method is presented. At the end, this paper discusses challenges with these structures and the directions these technologies can be taken in the future.

Keywords: energy storage, lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, nanostructures, tortuosity, vertical alignment

References(114)

1

Larcher, D.; Tarascon, J. M. Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage. Nat. Chem. 2015, 7, 19-29.
DOI Google Scholar
2

Che, G. L.; Lakshmi, B. B.; Fisher, E. R.; Martin, C. R. Carbon nanotubule membranes for electrochemical energy storage and production. Nature 1998, 393, 346-349.
DOI Google Scholar
3

Dunn, B.; Kamath, H.; Tarascon, J. M. Electrical energy storage for the grid: A battery of choices. Science 2011, 334, 928-935.
DOI Google Scholar
4

Augustyn, V.; Come, J.; Lowe, M. A.; Kim, J. W.; Taberna, P. L.; Tolbert, S. H.; Abruña, H. D.; Simon, P.; Dunn, B. High-rate electrochemical energy storage through Li+ intercalation pseudocapacitance. Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 518-522.
DOI Google Scholar
5

Chu, S.; Majumdar, A. Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. Nature 2012, 488, 294-303.
DOI Google Scholar
6

Chabi, S.; Peng, C.; Hu, D.; Zhu, Y. Q. Ideal three-dimensional electrode structures for electrochemical energy storage. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2440-2445.
DOI Google Scholar
7

Soloveichik, G. L. Battery technologies for large-scale stationary energy storage. Ann. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2011, 2, 503-527.
DOI Google Scholar
8

Qian, G. Y.; Liao, X. B.; Zhu, Y. X.; Pan, F.; Chen, X.; Yang, Y. Designing flexible lithium-ion batteries by structural engineering. ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 690-701.
DOI Google Scholar
9

Goodenough, J. B.; Park, K. S. The Li-ion rechargeable battery: A perspective. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 1167-1176.
DOI Google Scholar
10

Guo, Y. G.; Hu, J. S.; Wan, L. J. Nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 2878-2887.
DOI Google Scholar
11

Maier, J. Nanoionics: Ion transport and electrochemical storage in confined systems. In Materials for Sustainable Energy: A Collection of Peer-Reviewed Research and Review Articles from Nature Publishing Group. Dusastre, V., Ed.; World Scientific: Hackensack, NJ, 2010; pp 160-170.
DOI Google Scholar
12

Thackeray, M. M.; Wolverton, C.; Isaacs, E. D. Electrical energy storage for transportation-Approaching the limits of, and going beyond, lithium-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 7854-7863.
DOI Google Scholar
13

Yao, P. C.; Zhu, B.; Zhai, H. W.; Liao, X. B.; Zhu, Y. X.; Xu, W. H.; Cheng, Q.; Jayyosi, C.; Li, Z.; Zhu, J. et al. PVDF/palygorskite nanowire composite electrolyte for 4 V rechargeable lithium batteries with high energy density. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 6113-6120.
DOI Google Scholar
14

Cheng, Q.; Xu, W. H.; Qin, S. Y.; Das, S.; Jin, T. W.; Li, A. J.; Li, A. C.; Qie, B. Y.; Yao, P. C.; Zhai, H. W. et al. Full dissolution of the whole lithium sulfide family (Li2S8 to Li2S) in a safe eutectic solvent for rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 5557-5561.
DOI Google Scholar
15

Tarascon, J. M.; Armand, M. Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. In Materials for Sustainable Energy: A Collection of Peer-Reviewed Research and Review Articles from Nature Publishing Group. Dusastre, V., Ed.; World Scientific: Hackensack, NJ, 2010; pp 171-179.
DOI Google Scholar
16

Scrosati, B.; Hassoun, J.; Sun, Y. K. Lithium-ion batteries. A look into the future. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 3287-3295.
DOI Google Scholar
17

Simon, P.; Gogotsi, Y. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. In Materials for Sustainable Energy: A Collection of Peer-Reviewed Research and Review Articles from Nature Publishing Group. Dusastre, V., Ed.; World Scientific: Hackensack, NJ, 2010; pp 320-329.
DOI Google Scholar
18

Lin, D. C.; Liu, W.; Liu, Y. Y.; Lee, H. R.; Hsu, P. C.; Liu, K.; Cui, Y. High ionic conductivity of composite solid polymer electrolyte via in situ synthesis of monodispersed SiO2 nanospheres in poly(ethylene oxide). Nano Lett. 2015, 16, 459-465.
DOI Google Scholar
19

Fergus, J. W. Ceramic and polymeric solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 4554-4569.
DOI Google Scholar
20

Shi, Y.; Zhou, X. Y.; Yu, G. H. Material and structural design of novel binder systems for high-energy, high-power lithium-ion batteries. Acc. Chem. Res. 2017, 50, 2642-2652.
DOI Google Scholar
21

Li, H. S.; Peng, L. L.; Zhu, Y.; Zhang, X. G.; Yu, G. H. Achieving high-energy-high-power density in a flexible quasi-solid-state sodium ion capacitor. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 5938-5943.
DOI Google Scholar
22

Zhao, F.; Shi, Y.; Pan, L. J.; Yu, G. H. Multifunctional nanostructured conductive polymer gels: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 2017, 50, 1734-1743.
DOI Google Scholar
23

Shi, Y.; Zhang, J.; Bruck, A. M.; Zhang, Y. M.; Li, J.; Stach, E. A.; Takeuchi, K. J.; Marschilok, A. C.; Takeuchi, E. S.; Yu, G. H. A tunable 3D nanostructured conductive gel framework electrode for high-performance lithium ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1603922.
DOI Google Scholar
24

Mirvakili, S. M.; Hunter, I. W. Vertically aligned niobium nanowire arrays for fast-charging micro-supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1700671.
DOI Google Scholar
25

Melechko, A. V.; Merkulov, V. I.; McKnight, T. E.; Guillorn, M. A.; Klein, K. L.; Lowndes, D. H.; Simpson, M. L. Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers and related structures: Controlled synthesis and directed assembly. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 97, 041301.
DOI Google Scholar
26

Mai, L. Q.; Tian, X. C.; Xu, X.; Chang, L.; Xu, L. Nanowire electrodes for electrochemical energy storage devices. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11828-11862.
DOI Google Scholar
27

Li, X. J.; Wu, Y. C.; Hua, K.; Li, S.; Fang, D.; Luo, Z. P.; Bao, R.; Fan, X.; Yi, J. H. Vertically aligned polyaniline nanowire arrays for lithium-ion battery. Colloid Polym. Sci. 2018, 296, 1395-1400.
DOI Google Scholar
28

In, J. B.; Grigoropoulos, C. P.; Chernov, A. A.; Noy, A. Growth kinetics of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays in clean oxygen-free conditions. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 9602-9610.
DOI Google Scholar
29

Honda, Y.; Haramoto, T.; Takeshige, M.; Shiozaki, H.; Kitamura, T.; Ishikawa, M. Aligned MWCNT sheet electrodes prepared by transfer methodology providing high-power capacitor performance. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2007, 10, A106-A110.
DOI Google Scholar
30

Sander, J. S.; Erb, R. M.; Li, L.; Gurijala, A.; Chiang, Y. M. High-performance battery electrodes via magnetic templating. Nat. Energy 2016, 1, 16099.
DOI Google Scholar
31

Billaud, J.; Bouville, F.; Magrini, T.; Villevieille, C.; Studart, A. R. Magnetically aligned graphite electrodes for high-rate performance Li-ion batteries. Nat. Energy 2016, 1, 16097.
DOI Google Scholar
32

Li, L. S.; Erb, R. M.; Wang, J. J.; Wang, J.; Chiang, Y. M. Fabrication of low-tortuosity ultrahigh-area-capacity battery electrodes through magnetic alignment of emulsion-based slurries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1802472.
DOI Google Scholar
33

Behr, S.; Amin, R.; Chiang, Y. M.; Tomsia, A. P. Highly-structured, additive-free lithium-ion cathodes by freeze-casting technology. Ceram. Forum Int. 2015, 92, 39-43.
Google Scholar
34

Roberts, A. D.; Li, X.; Zhang, H. F. Hierarchically porous sulfur-containing activated carbon monoliths via ice-templating and one-step pyrolysis. Carbon 2015, 95, 268-278.
DOI Google Scholar
35

Zhai, H. W.; Xu, P. Y.; Ning, M. Q.; Cheng, Q.; Mandal, J.; Yang, Y. A flexible solid composite electrolyte with vertically aligned and connected ion-conducting nanoparticles for lithium batteries. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 3182-3187.
DOI Google Scholar
36

Zhu, M. W.; Song, J. W.; Li, T.; Gong, A.; Wang, Y. B.; Dai, J. Q.; Yao, Y. G.; Luo, W.; Henderson, D.; Hu, L. B. Highly anisotropic, highly transparent wood composites. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 5181-5187.
DOI Google Scholar
37

Lu, L. L.; Lu, Y. Y.; Xiao, Z. J.; Zhang, T. W.; Zhou, F.; Ma, T.; Ni, Y.; Yao, H. B.; Yu, S. H.; Cui, Y. Wood-inspired high-performance ultrathick bulk battery electrodes. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706745.
DOI Google Scholar
38

Li, T.; Zhu, M. W.; Yang, Z.; Song, J. W.; Dai, J. Q.; Yao, Y. G.; Luo, W.; Pastel, G.; Yang, B.; Hu, L. B. Wood composite as an energy efficient building material: Guided sunlight transmittance and effective thermal insulation. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1601122.
DOI Google Scholar
39

Liu, T.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y. X.; Fang, S. M.; Lei, L. B.; Ren, C.; Chen, F. L. Steam electrolysis in a solid oxide electrolysis cell fabricated by the phase-inversion tape casting method. Electrochem. Commun. 2015, 61, 106-109.
DOI Google Scholar
40

Wang, C. L.; Taherabadi, L.; Jia, G. Y.; Madou, M.; Yeh, Y.; Dunn, B. C-MEMS for the manufacture of 3D microbatteries. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2004, 7, A435-A438.
DOI Google Scholar
41

Chen, C. J.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y. J.; Kuang, Y. D.; Song, J. W.; Luo, W.; Wang, Y. B.; Yao, Y. G.; Pastel, G.; Xie, J. et al. Highly conductive, lightweight, low-tortuosity carbon frameworks as ultrathick 3D current collectors. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1700595.
DOI Google Scholar
42

Jin, S.; Jiang, Y.; Ji, H. X.; Yu, Y. Advanced 3D current collectors for lithium-based batteries. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1802014.
DOI Google Scholar
43

Newman, J.; Thomas-Alyea, K. E. Electrochemical Systems, 3rd ed.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004.
44

Song, H. W.; Li, N.; Cui, H.; Wang, C. X. Enhanced storage capability and kinetic processes by pores- and hetero-atoms-riched carbon nanobubbles for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries anodes. Nano Energy 2014, 4, 81-87.
DOI Google Scholar
45

Fergus, J. W. Recent developments in cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 939-954.
DOI Google Scholar
46

Tliha, M.; Khaldi, C.; Boussami, S.; Fenineche, N.; El-Kedim, O.; Mathlouthi, H.; Lamloumi, J. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of hydrogen storage alloys as negative electrode materials for Ni/MH batteries: A review. J. Solid State Electroche. 2014, 18, 577-593.
DOI Google Scholar
47

Feng, F.; Geng, M.; Northwood, D. O. Electrochemical behaviour of intermetallic-based metal hydrides used in Ni/metal hydride (MH) batteries: A review. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2001, 26, 725-734.
DOI Google Scholar
48

Chen, J. H.; Li, W. Z.; Wang, D. Z.; Yang, S. X.; Wen, J. G.; Ren, Z. F. Electrochemical characterization of carbon nanotubes as electrode in electrochemical double-layer capacitors. Carbon 2002, 40, 1193-1197.
DOI Google Scholar
49

Bohlen, O.; Kowal, J.; Sauer, D. U. Ageing behaviour of electrochemical double layer capacitors: Part I. Experimental study and ageing model. J. Power Sources 2007, 172, 468-475.
DOI Google Scholar
50

Thorat, I. V.; Stephenson, D. E.; Zacharias, N. A.; Zaghib, K.; Harb, J. N.; Wheeler, D. R. Quantifying tortuosity in porous Li-ion battery materials. J. Power Sources 2009, 188, 592-600.
DOI Google Scholar
51

Ebner, M.; Chung, D. W.; García, R. E.; Wood, V. Tortuosity anisotropy in lithium-ion battery electrodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4, 1301278.
DOI Google Scholar
52

Pouraghajan, F.; Knight, H.; Wray, M.; Mazzeo, B.; Subbaraman, R.; Christensen, J.; Wheeler, D. Quantifying tortuosity of porous Li-ion battery electrodes: Comparing polarization-interrupt and blocking-electrolyte methods. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, A2644-A2653.
DOI Google Scholar
53

DuBeshter, T.; Sinha, P. K.; Sakars, A.; Fly, G. W.; Jorne, J. Measurement of tortuosity and porosity of porous battery electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2014, 161, A599-A605.
DOI Google Scholar
54

Suthar, B.; Landesfeind, J.; Eldiven, A.; Gasteiger, H. A. Method to determine the in-plane tortuosity of porous electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, A2008-A2018.
DOI Google Scholar
55

Forouzan, M. M.; Wray, M.; Robertson, L.; Wheeler, D. R. Tortuosity of composite porous electrodes with various conductive additives in an alkaline system. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164, A3117-A3130.
DOI Google Scholar
56

Shen, L. F.; Yuan, C. Z.; Luo, H. J.; Zhang, X. G.; Xu, K.; Xia, Y. Y. Facile synthesis of hierarchically porous Li4Ti5O12 microspheres for high rate lithium ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 6998-7004.
DOI Google Scholar
57

Mirvakili, S. M.; Pazukha, A.; Sikkema, W.; Sinclair, C. W.; Spinks, G. M.; Baughman, R. H.; Madden, J. D. W. Niobium nanowire yarns and their application as artificial muscles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 4311-4316.
DOI Google Scholar
58

Zhu, J. X.; Sakaushi, K.; Clavel, G.; Shalom, M.; Antonietti, M.; Fellinger, T. P. A general salt-templating method to fabricate vertically aligned graphitic carbon nanosheets and their metal carbide hybrids for superior lithium ion batteries and water splitting. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 5480-5485.
DOI Google Scholar
59

Hsia, B.; Marschewski, J.; Wang, S.; In, J. B.; Carraro, C.; Poulikakos, D.; Grigoropoulos, C. P.; Maboudian, R. Highly flexible, all solid-state micro-supercapacitors from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 2014, 25, 055401.
DOI Google Scholar
60

Bae, J.; Song, M. K.; Park, Y. J.; Kim, J. M.; Liu, M. L.; Wang, Z. L. Fiber supercapacitors made of nanowire-fiber hybrid structures for wearable/flexible energy storage. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 1683-1687.
DOI Google Scholar
61

Peng, S. J.; Li, L. L.; Wu, H. B.; Madhavi, S.; Lou, X. W. Controlled growth of NiMoO4 nanosheet and nanorod arrays on various conductive substrates as advanced electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitors. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1401172.
DOI Google Scholar
62

Shen, L. F.; Uchaker, E.; Zhang, X. G.; Cao, G. Z. Hydrogenated Li4Ti5O12 nanowire arrays for high rate lithium ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 6502-6506.
DOI Google Scholar
63

Xu, J. S.; Zhu, Y. J. Monodisperse Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3 magnetic mesoporous microspheres as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 4752-4757.
DOI Google Scholar
64

Zhang, G. H.; Hou, S. C.; Zhang, H.; Zeng, W.; Yan, F. L.; Li, C. C.; Duan, H. G. High-performance and ultra-stable lithium-ion batteries based on MOF-derived ZnO@ZnO quantum dots/C core-shell nanorod arrays on a carbon cloth anode. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 2400-2405.
DOI Google Scholar
65

Yuan, K.; Guo-Wang, P.; Hu, T.; Shi, L.; Zeng, R.; Forster, M.; Pichler, T.; Chen, Y. W.; Scherf, U. Nanofibrous and graphene-templated conjugated microporous polymer materials for flexible chemosensors and supercapacitors. Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 7403-7411.
DOI Google Scholar
66

Wang, Z. L.; Guo, R.; Ding, L. X.; Tong, Y. X.; Li, G. R. Controllable template-assisted electrodeposition of single-and multi-walled nanotube arrays for electrochemical energy storage. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 1204.
DOI Google Scholar
67

Roberts, A. D.; Li, X.; Zhang, H. F. Porous carbon spheres and monoliths: Morphology control, pore size tuning and their applications as Li-ion battery anode materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 4341-4356.
DOI Google Scholar
68

Cheng, J. L.; Gu, G. F.; Guan, Q.; Razal, J. M.; Wang, Z. Y.; Li, X. L.; Wang, B. Synthesis of a porous sheet-like V2O5-CNT nanocomposite using an ice-templating "bricks-and-mortar" assembly approach as a high-capacity, long cyclelife cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2016, 4, 2729-2737.
DOI Google Scholar
69

Wang, Y.; Kong, D. Z.; Shi, W. H.; Liu, B.; Sim, G. J.; Ge, Q.; Yang, H. Y. Ice templated free-standing hierarchically WS2/CNT-rGO aerogel for high-performance rechargeable lithium and sodium ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1601057.
DOI Google Scholar
70

Roberts, A. D.; Wang, S. X.; Li, X.; Zhang, H. F. Hierarchical porous nitrogen-rich carbon monoliths via ice-templating: High capacity and high-rate performance as lithium-ion battery anode materials. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 17787-17796.
DOI Google Scholar
71

Cheng, J. L.; Gu, G. F.; Guan, Q.; Razal, J. M.; Wang, Z. Y.; Li, X. L.; Wang, B. Synthesis of a porous sheet-like V2O5-CNT nanocomposite using an ice-templating "bricks-and-mortar" assembly approach as a high-capacity, long cyclelife cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 2729-2737.
DOI Google Scholar
72

Needham, S. A.; Wang, G. X.; Liu, H. K. Synthesis of NiO nanotubes for use as negative electrodes in lithium ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2006, 159, 254-257.
DOI Google Scholar
73

Wang, K.; Wu, H. P.; Meng, Y. N.; Wei, Z. X. Conducting polymer nanowire arrays for high performance supercapacitors. Small 2014, 10, 14-31.
DOI Google Scholar
74

Taberna, P. L.; Mitra, S.; Poizot, P.; Simon, P.; Tarascon, J. M. High rate capabilities Fe3O4-based Cu nano-architectured electrodes for lithium-ion battery applications. Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 567-573.
DOI Google Scholar
75

Lee, S.; Cho, M. S.; Nam, J. D.; Lee, Y. Fabrication of polypyrrole nanorod arrays for supercapacitor: Effect of length of nanorods on capacitance. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2008, 8, 5036-5041.
DOI Google Scholar
76

Zhou, Y. K.; Shen, C. M.; Li, H. L. Synthesis of high-ordered LiCoO2 nanowire arrays by AAO template. Solid State Ionics 2002, 146, 81-86.
DOI Google Scholar
77

Cheng, F. Y.; Tao, Z. L.; Liang, J.; Chen, J. Template-directed materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 667-681.
DOI Google Scholar
78

Shi, N.; Su, F.; Huan, D. M.; Xie, Y.; Lin, J.; Tan, W. Z.; Peng, R. R.; Xia, C. R.; Chen, C. S.; Lu, Y. L. Performance and DRT analysis of P-SOFCs fabricated using new phase inversion combined tape casting technology. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 19664-19671.
DOI Google Scholar
79

Pearse, A.; Schmitt, T.; Sahadeo, E.; Stewart, D. M.; Kozen, A.; Gerasopoulos, K.; Talin, A. A.; Lee, S. B.; Rubloff, G. W.; Gregorczyk, K. E. Three-dimensional solid-state lithium-ion batteries fabricated by conformal vapor-phase chemistry. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 4286-4294.
DOI Google Scholar
80

Su, D. S.; Schlögl, R. Nanostructured carbon and carbon nanocomposites for electrochemical energy storage applications. ChemSusChem 2010, 3, 136-168.
DOI Google Scholar
81

Li, J.; Zhang, G. F.; Chen, N.; Nie, X. W.; Ji, B. X.; Qu, L. T. Built structure of ordered vertically aligned codoped carbon nanowire arrays for supercapacitors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 24840-24845.
DOI Google Scholar
82

Fan, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Xiao, Q. Z.; Wang, X. H.; Huang, K. High performance lithium ion battery anodes based on carbon nanotube-silicon core-shell nanowires with controlled morphology. Carbon 2013, 59, 264-269.
DOI Google Scholar
83

Chen, K. F.; Song, S. Y.; Liu, F.; Xue, D. F. Structural design of graphene for use in electrochemical energy storage devices. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 6230-6257.
DOI Google Scholar
84

Basiricò, L.; Lanzara, G. Moving towards high-power, high-frequency and low-resistance CNT supercapacitors by tuning the CNT length, axial deformation and contact resistance. Nanotechnology 2012, 23, 305401.
DOI Google Scholar
85

Amade, R.; Jover, E.; Caglar, B.; Mutlu, T.; Bertran, E. Optimization of MnO2/vertically aligned carbon nanotube composite for supercapacitor application. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 5779-5783.
DOI Google Scholar
86

Portet, C.; Yushin, G.; Gogotsi, Y. Electrochemical performance of carbon onions, nanodiamonds, carbon black and multiwalled nanotubes in electrical double layer capacitors. Carbon 2007, 45, 2511-2518.
DOI Google Scholar
87

Yoon, B. J.; Jeong, S. H.; Lee, K. H.; Kim, H. S.; Park, C. G.; Han, J. H. Electrical properties of electrical double layer capacitors with integrated carbon nanotube electrodes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 388, 170-174.
DOI Google Scholar
88

Xu, Y.; Zhou, M.; Lei, Y. Nanoarchitectured array electrodes for rechargeable lithium- and sodium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1502514.
DOI Google Scholar
89

Peng, S. J.; Li, L. L.; Wu, H. B.; Madhavi, S.; Lou, X. W. Controlled growth of NiMoO4 nanosheet and nanorod arrays on various conductive substrates as advanced electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitors. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1401172.
DOI Google Scholar
90

Vayssieres, L.; Graetzel, M. Highly ordered SnO2 nanorod arrays from controlled aqueous growth. Angew. Chem. , Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3666-3670.
DOI Google Scholar
91

Ma, R.; Bando, Y.; Zhang, L.; Sasaki, T. Layered MnO2 nanobelts: Hydrothermal synthesis and electrochemical measurements. Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 918-922.
DOI Google Scholar
92

Wang, Y.; Kong, D. Z.; Shi, W. H.; Liu, B.; Sim, G. J.; Ge, Q.; Yang, H. Y. Ice templated free-standing hierarchically WS2/CNT-rGO aerogel for high-performance rechargeable lithium and sodium ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1601057.
DOI Google Scholar
93

Gutiérrez, M. C.; Jobbágy, M.; Rapún, N.; Ferrer, M. L.; Monte, F. A biocompatible bottom-up route for the preparation of hierarchical biohybrid materials. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 1137-1140.
DOI Google Scholar
94

Li, Y.; Wu, C.; Bai, Y.; Liu, L.; Wang, H.; Wu, F.; Zhang, N.; Zou, Y. F. Hierarchical mesoporous lithium-rich Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 cathode material synthesized via ice templating for lithium-ion battery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 18832-18840.
DOI Google Scholar
95

Huang, C.; Grant, P. S. Coral-like directional porosity lithium ion battery cathodes by ice templating. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 14689-14699.
DOI Google Scholar
96

Huang, Y. S.; Wu, D. Q.; Jiang, J. Z.; Mai, Y. Y.; Zhang, F.; Pan, H.; Feng, X. L. Highly oriented macroporous graphene hybrid monoliths for lithium ion battery electrodes with ultrahigh capacity and rate capability. Nano Energy 2015, 12, 287-295.
DOI Google Scholar
97

Wu, H.; Chan, G.; Choi, J. W.; Ryu, I.; Yao, Y.; McDowell, M. T.; Lee, S. W.; Jackson, A.; Yang, Y.; Hu, L. B. et al. Stable cycling of double-walled silicon nanotube battery anodes through solid-electrolyte interphase control. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 310-315.
DOI Google Scholar
98

Kim, J. G.; Son, B.; Mukherjee, S.; Schuppert, N.; Bates, A.; Kwon, O.; Choi, M. J.; Chung, H. Y.; Park, S. A review of lithium and non-lithium based solid state batteries. J. Power Sources 2015, 282, 299-322.
DOI Google Scholar
99

Suo, L. M.; Hu, Y. S.; Li, H.; Armand, M.; Chen, L. Q. A new class of solvent-in-salt electrolyte for high-energy rechargeable metallic lithium batteries. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 1481.
DOI Google Scholar
100

Buschmann, H.; Dölle, J.; Berendts, S.; Kuhn, A.; Bottke, P.; Wilkening, M.; Heitjans, P.; Senyshyn, A.; Ehrenberg, H.; Lotnyk, A. et al. Structure and dynamics of the fast lithium ion conductor "Li7La3Zr2O12". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 19378-19392.
DOI Google Scholar
101

Zhang, X. K.; Xie, J.; Shi, F. F.; Lin, D. C.; Liu, Y. Y.; Liu, W.; Pei, A.; Gong, Y. J.; Wang, H. X.; Liu, K. et al. Vertically aligned and continuous nanoscale ceramic-polymer interfaces in composite solid polymer electrolytes for enhanced ionic conductivity. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 3829-3838.
DOI Google Scholar
102

Usseglio-Viretta, F. L. E.; Colclasure, A.; Mistry, A. N.; Claver, K. P. Y.; Pouraghajan, F.; Finegan, D. P.; Heenan, T. M. M.; Abraham, D.; Mukherjee, P. P.; Wheeler, D. et al. Resolving the discrepancy in tortuosity factor estimation for li-ion battery electrodes through micro-macro modeling and experiment. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, A3403-A3426.
DOI Google Scholar
103

Zhao, Y.; Liu, B. R.; Pan, L. J.; Yu, G. H. 3D nanostructured conductive polymer hydrogels for high-performance electrochemical devices. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 2856-2870.
DOI Google Scholar
104

Xiao, R.; Cho, S. I.; Liu, R.; Lee, S. B. Controlled electrochemical synthesis of conductive polymer nanotube structures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 4483-4489.
DOI Google Scholar
105

Wang, Z. L.; Guo, R.; Ding, L. X.; Tong, Y. X.; Li, G. R. Controllable template-assisted electrodeposition of single- and multi-walled nanotube arrays for electrochemical energy storage. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 1204.
DOI Google Scholar
106

Wang, Y.; Fu, X. W.; Zheng, M.; Zhong, W. H.; Cao, G. Z. Strategies for building robust traffic networks in advanced energy storage devices: A focus on composite electrodes. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1804204.
DOI Google Scholar
107

Ruiz-Morales, J. C.; Tarancón, A.; Canales-Vázquez, J.; Méndez-Ramos, J.; Hernández-Afonso, L.; Acosta-Mora, P.; Marín Rueda, J. R.; Fernández-González, R. Three dimensional printing of components and functional devices for energy and environmental applications. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10, 846-859.
DOI Google Scholar
108

Long, J. W.; Dunn, B.; Rolison, D. R.; White, H. S. Three-dimensional battery architectures. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4463-4492.
DOI Google Scholar
109

Arthur, T. S.; Bates, D. J.; Cirigliano, N.; Johnson, D. C.; Malati, P.; Mosby, J. M.; Perre, E.; Rawls, M. T.; Prieto, A. L.; Dunn, B. Three-dimensional electrodes and battery architectures. MRS Bull. 2011, 36, 523-531.
DOI Google Scholar
110

Liu, J.; Zhu, H. Z.; Shiraz, M. H. A. Toward 3D solid-state batteries via atomic layer deposition approach. Front. Energy Res. 2018, 6, 10.
DOI Google Scholar
111

Cirigliano, N.; Sun, G.Y.; Membreno, D.; Malati, P.; Kim, C. J.; Dunn, B. 3D architectured anodes for lithium-ion microbatteries with large areal capacity. Energy Technol. 2014, 2, 362-369.
DOI Google Scholar
112

Baggetto, L.; Niessen, R. A. H.; Roozeboom, F.; Notten, P. H. L. High energy density all-solid-state batteries: A challenging concept towards 3D integration. Adv. Functional Mater. 2008, 18, 7, 1057-1066.
DOI Google Scholar
113

Hur, J. I.; Smith, L. C.; Dunn, B. High areal energy density 3D lithium-ion microbatteries. Joule 2018, 2, 1187-1201.
DOI Google Scholar
114

Deville, S. Freezing Colloids: Observations, Principles, Control, and Use: Applications in Materials Science, Life Science, Earth Science, Food Science, and Engineering; Springer: Cham, 2017.
DOI
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 24 January 2019
Revised: 24 March 2019
Accepted: 27 March 2019
Published: 24 April 2019
Issue date: September 2019

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

Y. Y. acknowledges the funding support from AFOSR (No. FA9550-18-1-0410). X. W. thank the financial support from China Scholarship Council during her study (CSC, No. 201706120088).

Return