Journal Home > Volume 12 , Issue 9
Nano Research 2019, 12(9): 1988-2001 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2355-2
Review Article | Issue | Published: 21 March 2019

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries

Show Author's Information Vikram Singh1,2,§,  Soeun Kim1,2,§,  Jungtaek Kang1,  Hye Ryung Byon1,2( )
Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak-roYuseong-guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
KAIST Institute for NanoCenturyAdvanced Battery Center291 Daehak-roYuseong-guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea

§ Vikram Singh and Soeun Kim contributed equally to this work.

Keywords:
redox flow battery, redox molecules, quinone, 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO), viologen, solubility, crossover
Topics:
Redox reactionsVanadium
Cite this article:
Singh V, Kim S, Kang J, et al. Aqueous organic redox flow batteries. Nano Research, 2019, 12(9): 1988-2001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2355-2
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

965

Views

68

Downloads

Citations

141

Crossref

N/A

WoS

130

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising candidates to establish a grid-scale energy storage system for intermittent energy sources. While the current technology of vanadium RFBs has been widely exploited across the world, the rise in the price of vanadium and its limited volumetric energy density have necessitated the development of new kinds of redox active molecules. Organic molecules can be used as new and economical redox couples in RFBs to address these issues. In addition, the redox organic species also provide ample advantages to increase the voltage and solubility, provide multiple numbers of electron transfer, and ensure electrochemical/chemical stability by molecular engineering through simple synthetic methods. This review focuses on the recent developments in aqueous organic RFBs, including the molecular design and the corresponding cycling performance as these organic redox molecules are employed as either the negolyte or posolyte. Various strategies for tuning the electrochemical/chemical characteristics of organic molecules have improved their solubility, redox potential, cycling stability, and crossover issue across a separating membrane. We also put forward new strategies using nanotechnology and our perspective for the future development of this rapidly growing field.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries

Show Author's information Vikram Singh1,2,§, Soeun Kim1,2,§, Jungtaek Kang1, Hye Ryung Byon1,2( )
Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak-roYuseong-guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
KAIST Institute for NanoCenturyAdvanced Battery Center291 Daehak-roYuseong-guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea

§ Vikram Singh and Soeun Kim contributed equally to this work.

Abstract

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising candidates to establish a grid-scale energy storage system for intermittent energy sources. While the current technology of vanadium RFBs has been widely exploited across the world, the rise in the price of vanadium and its limited volumetric energy density have necessitated the development of new kinds of redox active molecules. Organic molecules can be used as new and economical redox couples in RFBs to address these issues. In addition, the redox organic species also provide ample advantages to increase the voltage and solubility, provide multiple numbers of electron transfer, and ensure electrochemical/chemical stability by molecular engineering through simple synthetic methods. This review focuses on the recent developments in aqueous organic RFBs, including the molecular design and the corresponding cycling performance as these organic redox molecules are employed as either the negolyte or posolyte. Various strategies for tuning the electrochemical/chemical characteristics of organic molecules have improved their solubility, redox potential, cycling stability, and crossover issue across a separating membrane. We also put forward new strategies using nanotechnology and our perspective for the future development of this rapidly growing field.

Keywords: redox flow battery, redox molecules, quinone, 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO), viologen, solubility, crossover

References(78)

1

Dresselhaus, M. S.; Thomas, I. L. Alternative energy technologies. Nature 2001, 414, 332-337.
DOI Google Scholar
2

Sternberg, A.; Bardow, A. Power-to-what?-Environmental assessment of energy storage systems. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 389-400.
DOI Google Scholar
3

Yang, Z. G.; Zhang, J. L.; Kintner-Meyer, M. C. W.; Lu, X. H.; Choi, D.; Lemmon, J. P.; Liu, J. Electrochemical energy storage for green grid. Chem. Rev. 2011, 111, 3577-3613.
DOI Google Scholar
4

Larcher, D.; Tarascon, J. M. Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage. Nat. Chem. 2015, 7, 19-29.
DOI Google Scholar
5

Dunn, B.; Kamath, H.; Tarascon, J. M. Electrical energy storage for the grid: A battery of choices. Science 2011, 334, 928-935.
DOI Google Scholar
6

Zakeri, B.; Syri, S. Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 42, 569-596.
DOI Google Scholar
7

Tarascon, J. M.; Armand, M. Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. In Materials for Sustainable Energy; Dusastre, V., Ed.; Co-Published with Macmillan Publishers Ltd: UK, 2010; pp 171-179.
DOI Google Scholar
8

Hu, L. B.; Zhang, S. S.; Zhang, Z. C. Electrolytes for lithium and lithium-ion batteries. In Rechargeable Batteries; Zhang, Z. C.; Zhang, S. S., Eds.; Springer: Cham, 2015; pp 231-261.
DOI Google Scholar
9

Ding, Y.; Zhang, C. K.; Zhang, L. Y.; Zhou, Y. G.; Yu, G. H. Molecular engineering of organic electroactive materials for redox flow batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 69-103.
DOI Google Scholar
10

Alotto, P.; Guarnieri, M.; Moro, F. Redox flow batteries for the storage of renewable energy: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 29, 325-335.
DOI Google Scholar
11

Chen, H. N.; Cong, G. T.; Lu, Y. C. Recent progress in organic redox flow batteries: Active materials, electrolytes and membranes. J. Energy Chem. 2018, 27, 1304-1325.
DOI Google Scholar
12

Duan, W.; Kizewski, J. P.; Wang, W. Introduction to redox flow batteries. In Redox Flow Batteries; CRC Press: 2017; pp 43-76.
DOI Google Scholar
13

Liu, W. Q.; Lu, W. J.; Zhang, H. M.; Li, X. F. Aqueous flow batteries: Research and development. Chem. -Eur. J. 2019, 25, 1649-1664.
DOI Google Scholar
14

Weber, A. Z.; Mench, M. M.; Meyers, J. P.; Ross, P. N.; Gostick, J. T.; Liu, Q. H. Redox flow batteries: A review. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2011, 41, 1137-1164.
DOI Google Scholar
15

Kim, K. J.; Park, M. S.; Kim, Y. J.; Kim, J. H.; Dou, S. X.; Skyllas-Kazacos, M. A Technology review of electrodes and reaction mechanisms in vanadium redox flow batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 16913-16933.
DOI Google Scholar
16

Ulaganathan, M.; Aravindan, V.; Yan, Q. Y; Madhavi, S.; Skyllas-Kazacos, M.; Lim, T. M. Recent advancements in all-vanadium redox flow batteries. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 3, 1500309.
DOI Google Scholar
17

Choi, C.; Kim, S.; Kim, R.; Choi, Y.; Kim, S.; Jung, H. Y.; Yang, J. H.; Kim, H. T. A review of vanadium electrolytes for vanadium redox flow batteries. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 69, 263-274.
DOI Google Scholar
18

Xu, Q.; Ji, Y. N.; Qin, L. Y.; Leung, P. K.; Qiao, F.; Li, Y. S.; Su, H. N. Evaluation of redox flow batteries goes beyond round-trip efficiency: A technical review. J. Energy Storage 2018, 16, 108-115.
DOI Google Scholar
19

Yoon, A. K. Y.; Noh, H. S.; Yoon, Y. S. Analysis of vanadium redox flow battery cell with superconducting charging system for solar energy. Elect. Electron. Eng. 2016, 6, 1-5.
Google Scholar
20

Butler, P. C.; Eidler, P. A.; Grimes, P. G.; Klassen, S. E.; Miles, R. C. Zinc/ bromine batteries. Handbook of Batteries; Linden, D.; Reddy, T. B., Eds.; McGraw-Hill: Ohio, 2001; pp 37-01.
Google Scholar
21

Lai, Q. Z.; Zhang, H. M.; Li, X. F.; Zhang, L. Q.; Cheng, Y. H. A novel single flow zinc-bromine battery with improved energy density. J. Power Sources, 2013, 235, 1-4.
DOI Google Scholar
22

Zhao, Y; Wang, L. N.; Byon, H. R. High-performance rechargeable lithium-iodine batteries using triiodide/iodide redox couples in an aqueous cathode. Nat. Commun., 2013, 4, 1896.
DOI Google Scholar
23

Weng, G. M.; Li, Z. J.; Cong, G. T.; Zhou, Y. C.; Lu, Y. C. Unlocking the capacity of iodide for high-energy-density zinc/polyiodide and lithium/ polyiodide redox flow batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10, 735-741.
DOI Google Scholar
24

Hu, B.; DeBruler, C.; Rhodes, Z.; Liu, T. L. Long-cycling aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB) toward sustainable and safe energy storage. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 1207-1214.
DOI Google Scholar
25

Wang, W.; Sprenkle, V. Redox flow batteries go organic. Nat. Chem. 2016, 8, 204-206.
DOI Google Scholar
26

Winsberg, J.; Hagemann, T.; Janoschka, T.; Hager, M. D.; Schubert, U. S. Redox-flow batteries: From metals to organic redox-active materials. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 686-711.
DOI Google Scholar
27

Kowalski, J. A.; Su, L.; Milshtein, J. D.; Brushett, F. R. Recent advances in molecular engineering of redox active organic molecules for nonaqueous flow batteries. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 2016, 13, 45-52.
DOI Google Scholar
28

Wei, X. L.; Pan, W. X.; Duan, W. T.; Hollas, A.; Yang, Z.; Li, B.; Nie, Z. M.; Liu, J.; Reed, D.; Wang, W. et al. Materials and systems for organic redox flow batteries: Status and challenges. ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 2187-2204.
DOI Google Scholar
29

Park, M.; Ryu, J.; Wang, W.; Cho, J. Material design and engineering of next-generation flow-battery technologies. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2016, 2, 16080.
DOI Google Scholar
30

Armstrong, C. G.; Toghill, K. E. Stability of molecular radicals in organic non-aqueous redox flow batteries: A mini review. Electrochem. Commun. 2018, 91, 19-24.
DOI Google Scholar
31

Pakiari, A. H.; Siahrostami, S.; Mohajeri, A. Application of density functional theory for evaluation of standard two-electron reduction potentials in some quinone derivatives. J. Mol. Struct. THEOCHEM 2008, 870, 10-14.
DOI Google Scholar
32

Pelzer, K. M.; Cheng, L.; Curtiss, L. A. Effects of functional groups in redox-active organic molecules: A high-throughput screening approach. J. Phys. Chem. C 2017, 121, 237-245.
DOI Google Scholar
33

Ding, Y.; Li, Y. F.; Yu, G. H. Exploring bio-inspired quinone-based organic redox flow batteries: A combined experimental and computational study. Chem 2016, 1, 790-801.
DOI Google Scholar
34

Bachman, J. E.; Curtiss, L. A.; Assary, R. S. Investigation of the redox chemistry of anthraquinone derivatives using density functional theory. J. Phys. Chem. A 2014, 118, 8852-8860.
DOI Google Scholar
35

Er, S.; Suh, C.; Marshak, M. P.; Aspuru-Guzik, A. Computational design of molecules for an all-quinone redox flow battery. Chem. Sci. 2015, 6, 885-893.
DOI Google Scholar
36

Yang, C. Z.; Nikiforidis, G.; Park, J. Y.; Choi, J.; Luo, Y.; Zhang, L.; Wang, S. C.; Chan, Y. T.; Lim, J.; Hou, Z. M. et al. Designing redox-stable cobalt-polypyridyl complexes for redox flow batteries: Spin-crossover delocalizes excess charge. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1702897.
DOI Google Scholar
37

Yang, Z. J.; Tong, L. C.; Tabor, D. P.; Beh, E. S.; Goulet, M. A.; De Porcellinis, D.; Aspuru-Guzik, A.; Gordon, R. G.; Aziz, M. J. Alkaline benzoquinone aqueous flow battery for large-scale storage of electrical energy. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1702056.
DOI Google Scholar
38

Quan, M.; Sanchez, D.; Wasylkiw, M. F.; Smith, D. K. Voltammetry of quinones in unbuffered aqueous solution: Reassessing the roles of proton transfer and hydrogen bonding in the aqueous electrochemistry of quinones. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12847-12856.
DOI Google Scholar
39

Bird, C. L.; Kuhn, A. T. Electrochemistry of the viologens. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1981, 10, 49-82.
DOI Google Scholar
40

Hu, B.; Tang, Y. J.; Luo, J.; Grove, G.; Guo, Y. S.; Liu, T. L. Improved radical stability of viologen anolytes in aqueous organic redox flow batteries. Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 6871-6874.
DOI Google Scholar
41

Luo, J.; Hu, B.; Debruler, C.; Liu, T. L. A π-conjugation extended viologen as a two-electron storage anolyte for total organic aqueous redox flow batteries. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 231-235.
DOI Google Scholar
42

DeBruler, C.; Hu, B.; Moss, J.; Liu, X.; Luo, J.; Sun, Y. J.; Liu, T. L. Designer two-electron storage viologen anolyte materials for neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries. Chem 2017, 3, 961-978.
DOI Google Scholar
43

Penzkofer, A.; Tyagi, A.; Kiermaier, J. Room temperature hydrolysis of lumiflavin in alkaline aqueous solution. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2011, 217, 369-375.
DOI Google Scholar
44

Marshall, D. L.; Christian, M. L.; Gryn'ova, G.; Coote, M. L.; Barker, P. J.; Blanksby, S. J. Oxidation of 4-substituted TEMPO derivatives reveals modifications at the 1- and 4-positions. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2011, 9, 4936-4947.
DOI Google Scholar
45

Kurreck, H.; Huber, M. Model reactions for photosynthesis-Photoinduced charge and energy transfer between covalently linked porphyrin and quinone units. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1995, 34, 849-866.
DOI Google Scholar
46

Scott, D. T.; McKnight, D. M.; Blunt-Harris, E. L.; Kolesar, S. E.; Lovley, D. R. Quinone moieties act as electron acceptors in the reduction of humic substances by humics-reducing microorganisms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 2984-2989.
DOI Google Scholar
47

Hoober-Burkhardt, L.; Krishnamoorthy, S.; Yang, B.; Murali, A.; Nirmalchandar, A.; Prakash, G. K. S.; Narayanan, S. R. A new michael-reaction-resistant benzoquinone for aqueous organic redox flow batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164, A600-A607.
DOI Google Scholar
48

Ding, Y.; Yu, G. H. A bio-inspired, heavy-metal-free, dual-electrolyte liquid battery towards sustainable energy storage. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 4772-4776.
DOI Google Scholar
49

Xu, Y.; Wen, Y. H.; Cheng, J.; Yanga, Y. S.; Xie, Z. L.; Cao, G. P. Novel organic redox flow batteries using soluble quinonoid compounds as positive materials. In Proceedings of 2009 World Non-Grid-Connected Wind Power and Energy Conference, Nanjing, China, 2009.
DOI Google Scholar
50

Yang, B.; Hoober-Burkhardt, L.; Wang, F.; Surya Prakash, G. K.; Narayanan, S. R. An inexpensive aqueous flow battery for large-scale electrical energy storage based on water-soluble organic redox couples. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2014, 161, A1371-A1380.
DOI Google Scholar
51

Wedege, K.; Dražević, E.; Konya, D.; Bentien, A. Organic redox species in aqueous flow batteries: Redox potentials, chemical stability and solubility. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 39101.
DOI Google Scholar
52

Wang, C. X.; Yang, Z.; Wang, Y. R.; Zhao, P. Y.; Yan, W.; Zhu, G. Y.; Ma, L. B.; Yu, B.; Wang, L.; Li, G. G. et al. High-performance alkaline organic redox flow batteries based on 2-hydroxy-3-carboxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 2404-2409.
DOI Google Scholar
53

Gerhardt, M. R.; Tong, L. C.; Gómez-Bombarelli, R.; Chen, Q.; Marshak, M. P.; Galvin, C. J.; Aspuru-Guzik, A.; Gordon, R. G.; Aziz, M. J. Anthraquinone derivatives in aqueous flow batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1601488.
DOI Google Scholar
54

Huskinson, B.; Marshak, M. P.; Suh, C.; Er, S.; Gerhardt, M. R.; Galvin, C. J.; Chen, X. D.; Aspuru-Guzik, A.; Gordon, R. G.; Aziz, M. J. A metal-free organic-inorganic aqueous flow battery. Nature 2014, 505, 195-198.
DOI Google Scholar
55

Carretero-González, J.; Castillo-Martínez, E.; Armand, M. Highly water-soluble three-redox state organic dyes as bifunctional analytes. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 3521-3530.
DOI Google Scholar
56

Lin, K. X.; Chen, Q.; Gerhardt, M. R.; Tong, L. C.; Kim, S. B.; Eisenach, L.; Valle, A. W.; Hardee, D.; Gordon, R. G.; Aziz, M. J. et al. Alkaline quinone flow battery. Science 2015, 349, 1529-1532.
DOI Google Scholar
57

Kwabi, D. G.; Lin, K. X.; Ji, Y. L.; Kerr, E. F.; Goulet, M. A.; De Porcellinis, D.; Tabor, D. P.; Pollack, D. A.; Aspuru-Guzik, A.; Gordon, R. G. et al. Alkaline quinone flow battery with long lifetime at pH 12. Joule 2018, 2, 1894-1906.
DOI Google Scholar
58

Michaelis, L.; Hill, E. S. The viologen indicators. J. Gen. Physiol. 1933, 16, 859-873.
DOI Google Scholar
59

Liu, T. B.; Wei, X. L.; Nie, Z. M.; Sprenkle, V.; Wang, W. A total organic aqueous redox flow battery employing a low cost and sustainable methyl viologen anolyte and 4-HO-TEMPO catholyte. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1501449.
DOI Google Scholar
60

Beh, E. S.; De Porcellinis, D.; Gracia, R. L.; Xia, K. T.; Gordon, R. G.; Aziz, M. J. A neutral pH aqueous organic-organometallic redox flow battery with extremely high capacity retention. ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 639-644.
DOI Google Scholar
61

DeBruler, C.; Hu, B.; Moss, J.; Luo, J.; Liu, T. L. A sulfonate-functionalized viologen enabling neutral cation exchange, aqueous organic redox flow batteries toward renewable energy storage. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 663-668.
DOI Google Scholar
62

Skyllas-Kazacos, M.; Chakrabarti, M. H.; Hajimolana, S. A.; Mjalli, F. S.; Saleem, M. Progress in flow battery research and development. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2011, 158, R55-R79.
DOI Google Scholar
63

Miura, R. Versatility and specificity in flavoenzymes: Control mechanisms of flavin reactivity. Chem. Rec. 2001, 1, 183-194.
DOI Google Scholar
64

Hong, J.; Lee, M.; Lee, B.; Seo, D. H.; Park, C. B.; Kang, K. Biologically inspired pteridine redox centres for rechargeable batteries. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5335.
DOI Google Scholar
65

Lin, K. X.; Gómez-Bombarelli, R.; Beh, E. S.; Tong, L. C.; Chen, Q.; Valle, A.; Aspuru-Guzik, A.; Aziz, M. J.; Gordon, R. G. A redox-flow battery with an alloxazine-based organic electrolyte. Nat. Energy 2016, 1, 16102.
DOI Google Scholar
66

Orita, A.; Verde, M. G.; Sakai, M.; Meng, Y. S. A biomimetic redox flow battery based on flavin mononucleotide. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13230.
DOI Google Scholar
67

Winsberg, J.; Stolze, C.; Schwenke, A.; Muench, S.; Hager, M. D.; Schubert, U. S. Aqueous 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl catholytes for a high-capacity and high current density oxygen-insensitive hybrid-flow battery. ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 411-416.
DOI Google Scholar
68

Janoschka, T.; Martin, N.; Hager, M. D.; Schubert, U. S. An aqueous redox-flow battery with high capacity and power: The TEMPTMA/MV system. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 14427-14430.
DOI Google Scholar
69

Chang, Z. J.; Henkensmeier, D.; Chen, R. Y. One-step cationic grafting of 4-hydroxy-TEMPO and its application in a hybrid redox flow battery with a crosslinked PBI membrane. ChemSusChem 2017, 10, 3193-3197.
DOI Google Scholar
70

Winsberg, J.; Stolze, C.; Muench, S.; Liedl, F.; Hager, M. D.; Schubert, U. S. TEMPO/phenazine combi-molecule: A redox-active material for symmetric aqueous redox-flow batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 2016, 1, 976-980.
DOI Google Scholar
71

Hollas, A.; Wei, X. L.; Murugesan, V.; Nie, Z. M.; Li, B.; Reed, D.; Liu, J.; Sprenkle, V.; Wang, W. A biomimetic high-capacity phenazine-based anolyte for aqueous organic redox flow batteries. Nat. Energy 2018, 3, 508-514.
DOI Google Scholar
72

Janoschka, T.; Friebe, C.; Hager, M. D.; Martin, N.; Schubert, U. S. An approach toward replacing vanadium: A single organic molecule for the anode and cathode of an aqueous redox-flow battery. ChemistryOpen 2017, 6, 216-220.
DOI Google Scholar
73

Janoschka, T.; Martin, N.; Martin, U.; Friebe, C.; Morgenstern, S.; Hiller, H.; Hager, M. D.; Schubert, U. S. An aqueous, polymer-based redox-flow battery using non-corrosive, safe, and low-cost materials. Nature 2015, 527, 78-81.
DOI Google Scholar
74

Winsberg, J.; Janoschka, T.; Morgenstern, S.; Hagemann, T.; Muench, S.; Hauffman, G.; Gohy, J. F.; Hager, M. D.; Schubert, U. S. Poly(TEMPO)/zinc hybrid-flow battery: A novel, "green", high voltage, and safe energy storage system. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 2238-2243.
DOI Google Scholar
75

Lee, W.; Kwon, B. W.; Kwon, Y. Effect of carboxylic acid-doped carbon nanotube catalyst on the performance of aqueous organic redox flow battery using the modified alloxazine and ferrocyanide redox couple. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 36882-36891.
DOI Google Scholar
76

Montoto, E. C.; Nagarjuna, G.; Hui, J. S.; Burgess, M.; Sekerak, N. M.; Hernández-Burgos, K.; Wei, T. S.; Kneer, M.; Grolman, J.; Cheng, K. J. et al. Redox active colloids as discrete energy storage carriers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 13230-13237.
DOI Google Scholar
77

Doris, S. E.; Ward, A. L.; Baskin, A.; Frischmann, P. D.; Gavvalapalli, N.; Chénard, E.; Sevov, C. S.; Prendergast, D.; Moore, J. S.; Helms, B. A. Macromolecular design strategies for preventing active-material crossover in non-aqueous all-organic redox-flow batteries. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 1595-1599.
DOI Google Scholar
78

Jeon, C.; Han, J. J.; Seo, M. Control of ion transport in sulfonated mesoporous polymer membranes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 40854-40862.
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 08 January 2019
Revised: 19 February 2019
Accepted: 21 February 2019
Published: 21 March 2019
Issue date: September 2019

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

The work is supported by the Samsung Research Funding & Incubation Center of Samsung Electronics under Project Number SRFC-MA1702-05.

Return