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Nano Research 2019, 12(3): 683-693 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2277-z
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 11 January 2019

Novel highly active carbon supported ternary PdNiBi nanoparticles as anode catalyst for the alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell

Show Author's Information Bernd Cermenek1( ),  Johanna Ranninger1,  Birgit Feketeföldi2,  Ilse Letofsky-Papst3,  Norbert Kienzl4,  Brigitte Bitschnau5,  Viktor Hacker1
Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology,Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz,Inffeldgasse 25/C, 8010 Graz,Austria;
Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics,JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH/Materials,Franz-Pichler-Straβe 30, 8160 Weiz,Austria;
Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy,Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz,Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz,Austria;
Bioenergy 2020+ GmbH,Inffeldgasse 21/B,8010 Graz,Austria;
Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Streymayrgasse 9,Austria;
Keywords:
catalytic activity, ethanol oxidation reaction, alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell, ternary PdNiBi nanocatalysts, structure characteristics
Topics:
Alkaline fuel cellsAnodesCarbonCatalyst activityCatalytic oxidation Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFC)Energy dispersive spectroscopyEthanol fuelsHigh resolution transmission electron microscopyNanoparticlesNickelOptical emission spectroscopyOxidationPalladiumReaction intermediatesSpectrometryTernary alloysX-ray photoelectron spectroscopyX-ray powder diffraction
Cite this article:
Cermenek B, Ranninger J, Feketeföldi B, et al. Novel highly active carbon supported ternary PdNiBi nanoparticles as anode catalyst for the alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell. Nano Research, 2019, 12(3): 683-693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2277-z
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Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

The study focuses on the influence of Ni and Bi on alkaline ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) activities, stabilities and structure characteristics of carbon supported Pd-based nanocatalysts (Pd/C, Pd60Ni40/C, Pd60Bi40/C, Pd60Ni20Bi20/C) by cyclic voltammetry/chronoamperometry using rotating disk electrode and various physico-chemical methods such as X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Nickel generates more adsorbed OH on the Pd catalyst surface than Bi and promotes the oxidation of adsorbed ethanol species. This results in a low onset potential toward ethanol oxidation with high current density. The presence of Bi facilitates high tolerance toward various reaction intermediates resulting from the incomplete ethanol oxidation, but might also initiate the agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles. The novel Pd60Ni20Bi20/C nanocatalyst displays exceptional byproduct tolerance, but only satisfying catalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation in an alkaline medium. Therefore, the EOR performance of the novel carbon supported ternary PdxNiyBiz anode catalyst with various atomic variations (Pd70Ni25Bi5/C, Pd70Ni20Bi10/C, Pd80Ni10Bi10/C and Pd40Ni20Bi40/C) using the common instant reduction synthesis method was further optimized for the alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell. The carbon supported Pd: Ni: Bi nanocatalyst with atomic ratio of 70:20:10 displays outstanding catalytic activity for the alkaline EOR compared to the other PdxNiyBiz/C nanocatalysts as well as to the benchmarks Pd/C, Pd60Ni40/C and Pd60Bi40/C. The synergy and the optimal content in consideration of the oxide species of Pd, Ni and Bi are crucial for the EOR kinetic enhancement in alkaline medium.


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Abstract
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Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Novel highly active carbon supported ternary PdNiBi nanoparticles as anode catalyst for the alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell

Show Author's information Bernd Cermenek1( ), Johanna Ranninger1, Birgit Feketeföldi2, Ilse Letofsky-Papst3, Norbert Kienzl4, Brigitte Bitschnau5, Viktor Hacker1
Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology,Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz,Inffeldgasse 25/C, 8010 Graz,Austria;
Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics,JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH/Materials,Franz-Pichler-Straβe 30, 8160 Weiz,Austria;
Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy,Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz,Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz,Austria;
Bioenergy 2020+ GmbH,Inffeldgasse 21/B,8010 Graz,Austria;
Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Streymayrgasse 9,Austria;

Abstract

The study focuses on the influence of Ni and Bi on alkaline ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) activities, stabilities and structure characteristics of carbon supported Pd-based nanocatalysts (Pd/C, Pd60Ni40/C, Pd60Bi40/C, Pd60Ni20Bi20/C) by cyclic voltammetry/chronoamperometry using rotating disk electrode and various physico-chemical methods such as X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Nickel generates more adsorbed OH on the Pd catalyst surface than Bi and promotes the oxidation of adsorbed ethanol species. This results in a low onset potential toward ethanol oxidation with high current density. The presence of Bi facilitates high tolerance toward various reaction intermediates resulting from the incomplete ethanol oxidation, but might also initiate the agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles. The novel Pd60Ni20Bi20/C nanocatalyst displays exceptional byproduct tolerance, but only satisfying catalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation in an alkaline medium. Therefore, the EOR performance of the novel carbon supported ternary PdxNiyBiz anode catalyst with various atomic variations (Pd70Ni25Bi5/C, Pd70Ni20Bi10/C, Pd80Ni10Bi10/C and Pd40Ni20Bi40/C) using the common instant reduction synthesis method was further optimized for the alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell. The carbon supported Pd: Ni: Bi nanocatalyst with atomic ratio of 70:20:10 displays outstanding catalytic activity for the alkaline EOR compared to the other PdxNiyBiz/C nanocatalysts as well as to the benchmarks Pd/C, Pd60Ni40/C and Pd60Bi40/C. The synergy and the optimal content in consideration of the oxide species of Pd, Ni and Bi are crucial for the EOR kinetic enhancement in alkaline medium.

Keywords: catalytic activity, ethanol oxidation reaction, alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell, ternary PdNiBi nanocatalysts, structure characteristics

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Publication history

Received: 14 October 2018
Revised: 16 December 2018
Accepted: 21 December 2018
Published: 11 January 2019
Issue date: March 2019

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© The Author(s) 2019

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

Financial support from the Austrian Climate Energy Fund, Austrian Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT), The Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) through the program "Energy Mission Austria" and the IEA research cooperation are gratefully acknowledged. We thank Dr. Christian Palfinger for performing of the XPS analysis.

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