Diameter evolution of selective area grown Ga-assisted GaAs nanowires
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Tapering of vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) grown nanowires (NWs) is a widespread phenomenon resulting from dynamics of the liquid droplet during growth anddirect vapour-solid (VS) growth on the sidewall. To investigate both effects in ahighly controlled way, we developed a novel two-step growth approach for the selective area growth (SAG) of GaAs nanowires (NWs) by molecular beam epitaxy. In this growth approach optimum growth parameters are provided for thenucleation of NWs in a first step and for the shape variation during elongationin a second step, allowing NWs with a thin diameter (45 nm) and an untapered morphology to be realized with high vertical yield. We quantify the flux dependenceof radial VS growth and build a model that takes into account diffusion on theNW sidewalls to explain the observed VS growth rates. As our model is consistent with axial VLS growth we can combine it with an existing model for the diameter variation due to the droplet dynamics at the NW top. Thereby, we achieve fullunderstanding of the diameter of NWs over their entire length and the evolutionof the diameter and tapering during growth. We conclude that only the combinationof droplet dynamics and VS growth results in an untapered morphology. This result enables NW shape engineering and has important implications for doping of NWs.
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Diameter evolution of selective area grown Ga-assisted GaAs nanowires
),
Abstract
Tapering of vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) grown nanowires (NWs) is a widespread phenomenon resulting from dynamics of the liquid droplet during growth anddirect vapour-solid (VS) growth on the sidewall. To investigate both effects in ahighly controlled way, we developed a novel two-step growth approach for the selective area growth (SAG) of GaAs nanowires (NWs) by molecular beam epitaxy. In this growth approach optimum growth parameters are provided for thenucleation of NWs in a first step and for the shape variation during elongationin a second step, allowing NWs with a thin diameter (45 nm) and an untapered morphology to be realized with high vertical yield. We quantify the flux dependenceof radial VS growth and build a model that takes into account diffusion on theNW sidewalls to explain the observed VS growth rates. As our model is consistent with axial VLS growth we can combine it with an existing model for the diameter variation due to the droplet dynamics at the NW top. Thereby, we achieve fullunderstanding of the diameter of NWs over their entire length and the evolutionof the diameter and tapering during growth. We conclude that only the combinationof droplet dynamics and VS growth results in an untapered morphology. This result enables NW shape engineering and has important implications for doping of NWs.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under grant Ge2224/2, R.B.L. acknowledges funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. We are grateful to Anne-Kathrin Bluhm for acquiring SEM images, to Michael Höricke and Carsten Stemmler as well as Arno Wirsig for technical support at the MBE system and to Bernd Drescher and Sander Rauwerdink for substrate preparation. We appreciate the critical reading of the manuscript by Patrick Vogt.
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