Journal Home > Volume 11 , Issue 2
Nano Research 2018, 11(2): 892-904 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1700-6
Research Article | Issue | Published: 19 July 2017

Electrosprayed porous Fe3O4/carbon microspheres as anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Show Author's Information Wenjie Han1,2,  Xianying Qin1,3( ),  Junxiong Wu3,  Qing Li1,2,  Ming Liu1,2,  Yue Xia1,  Hongda Du1,  Baohua Li1( ),  Feiyu Kang1,2
Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, and Engineering Laboratory for Functionalized Carbon MaterialsGraduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
Keywords:
electrochemical performance, lithium ion battery, Fe3O4/carbon microsphere, hierarchical pores, electrospray technique
Cite this article:
Han W, Qin X, Wu J, et al. Electrosprayed porous Fe3O4/carbon microspheres as anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Nano Research, 2018, 11(2): 892-904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1700-6
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

1172

Views

39

Downloads

Citations

109

Crossref

N/A

WoS

110

Scopus

2

CSCD

Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Porous Fe3O4/carbon microspheres (PFCMs) were successfully fabricated via a facile electrospray method and subsequent heat treatment, using ferrous acetylacetonate, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Ketjen black (KB), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and polystyrene (PS) as raw materials. The porous carbon sphere framework decorated with well-dispersed CNTs and KB exhibits excellent electronic conductivity and acts as a good host to confine the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The abundant mesopores in the carbon matrix derived from polymer pyrolysis can effectively accommodate the volume changes of Fe3O4 during the charge/discharge process, facilitate electrolyte penetration, and promote fast ion diffusion. Moreover, a thin amorphous carbon layer on the Fe3O4 nanoparticle formed during polymer carbonization can further alleviate the mechanical stress associated with volume changes, and preventing aggregation and exfoliation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles during cycling. Therefore, as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the PFCMs exhibited excellent cycling stability with high specific capacities, and outstanding rate performances. After 130 cycles at a small current density of 0.1 A·g–1, the reversible capacity of the PFCM electrode is maintained at almost 1, 317 mAh·g–1. High capacities of 746 and 525 mAh·g–1 were still achieved after 300 cycles at the larger currents of 1 and 5 A·g–1, respectively. The optimized structure design and facile fabrication process provide a promising way for the utilization of energy storage materials, which have high capacities but whose performance is hindered by large volume changes and poor electrical conductivity in lithium or sodium ion batteries.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Electrosprayed porous Fe3O4/carbon microspheres as anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Show Author's information Wenjie Han1,2, Xianying Qin1,3( ), Junxiong Wu3, Qing Li1,2, Ming Liu1,2, Yue Xia1, Hongda Du1, Baohua Li1( ), Feiyu Kang1,2
Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, and Engineering Laboratory for Functionalized Carbon MaterialsGraduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina

Abstract

Porous Fe3O4/carbon microspheres (PFCMs) were successfully fabricated via a facile electrospray method and subsequent heat treatment, using ferrous acetylacetonate, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), Ketjen black (KB), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and polystyrene (PS) as raw materials. The porous carbon sphere framework decorated with well-dispersed CNTs and KB exhibits excellent electronic conductivity and acts as a good host to confine the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The abundant mesopores in the carbon matrix derived from polymer pyrolysis can effectively accommodate the volume changes of Fe3O4 during the charge/discharge process, facilitate electrolyte penetration, and promote fast ion diffusion. Moreover, a thin amorphous carbon layer on the Fe3O4 nanoparticle formed during polymer carbonization can further alleviate the mechanical stress associated with volume changes, and preventing aggregation and exfoliation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles during cycling. Therefore, as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the PFCMs exhibited excellent cycling stability with high specific capacities, and outstanding rate performances. After 130 cycles at a small current density of 0.1 A·g–1, the reversible capacity of the PFCM electrode is maintained at almost 1, 317 mAh·g–1. High capacities of 746 and 525 mAh·g–1 were still achieved after 300 cycles at the larger currents of 1 and 5 A·g–1, respectively. The optimized structure design and facile fabrication process provide a promising way for the utilization of energy storage materials, which have high capacities but whose performance is hindered by large volume changes and poor electrical conductivity in lithium or sodium ion batteries.

Keywords: electrochemical performance, lithium ion battery, Fe3O4/carbon microsphere, hierarchical pores, electrospray technique

References(64)

1

Dunn, B.; Kamath, H.; Tarascon, J. -M. Electrical energy storage for the grid: A battery of choices. Science 2011, 334, 928-935.
DOI Google Scholar
2

Ding, C.; Zeng, Y. W.; Cao, L. L.; Zhao, L. F.; Zhang, Y. Hierarchically porous Fe3O4/C nanocomposite microspheres via a CO2 bubble-templated hydrothermal approach as high-rate and high-capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 5898-5908.
DOI Google Scholar
3

Zhang, G. Q.; Wu, H. B.; Hoster, H. E.; Lou, X. W. Strongly coupled carbon nanofiber-metal oxide coaxial nanocables with enhanced lithium storage properties. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 302-305.
DOI Google Scholar
4

Choi, N. S.; Chen, Z. H.; Freunberger, S. A.; Ji, X. L.; Sun, Y. K.; Amine, K.; Yushin, G.; Nazar, L. F.; Cho, J.; Bruce, P. G. Challenges facing lithium batteries and electrical double-layer capacitors. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 9994-10024.
DOI Google Scholar
5

Armstrong, M. J.; O'Dwyer, C.; Macklin, W. J.; Holmes, J. D. Evaluating the performance of nanostructured materials as lithium-ion battery electrodes. Nano Res. 2014, 7, 1-62.
DOI Google Scholar
6

Yu, H. J.; Guo, G. N.; Ji, L.; Li, H. W.; Yang, D.; Hu, J. H.; Dong, A. G. Designed synthesis of ordered mesoporous graphene spheres from colloidal nanocrystals and their application as a platform for high-performance lithium-ion battery composite electrodes. Nano Res. 2016, 9, 3757-3771.
DOI Google Scholar
7

Duan, B.; Gao, X.; Yao, X.; Fang, Y.; Huang, L.; Zhou, J.; Zhang, L. N. Unique elastic N-doped carbon nanofibrous microspheres with hierarchical porosity derived from renewable chitin for high rate supercapacitors. Nano Energy 2016, 27, 482-491.
DOI Google Scholar
8

Jiang, B. B.; Han, C. P.; Li, B.; He, Y. J.; Lin, Z. Q. In-situ crafting of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles impregnated within continuous carbon network as advanced anode materials. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 2728-2735.
DOI Google Scholar
9

Xin, S.; Chang, Z. W.; Zhang, X. B.; Guo, Y. -G. Progress of rechargeable lithium metal batteries based on conversion reactions. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2017, 4, 54-70.
DOI Google Scholar
10

Deng, J. J.; Yu, X. L.; He, Y. B.; Li, B. H.; Yang, Q. -H.; Kang, F. Y. A sliced orange-shaped ZnCo2O4 material as anode for high-performance lithium ion battery. Energy Storage Mater. 2017, 6, 61-69.
DOI Google Scholar
11

Wu, S. P.; Xu, R.; Lu, M. J.; Ge, R. Y.; Iocozzia, J.; Han, C. P.; Jiang, B. B.; Lin, Z. Q. Graphene-containing nanomaterials for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1500400.
DOI Google Scholar
12

Xing, Z.; Ju, Z. C.; Yang, J.; Xu, H. Y.; Qian, Y. T. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of ZnFe2O4 nano-octahedrons as a high capacity anode material for Li-ion batteries. Nano Res. 2012, 5, 477-485.
DOI Google Scholar
13

Shan, T. T.; Xin, S.; You, Y.; Cong, H. P.; Yu, S. H.; Manthiram, A. Combining nitrogen-doped graphene sheets and MoS2: A unique film-foam-film structure for enhanced lithium storage. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 128, 12975-12980.
DOI Google Scholar
14

Wu, J. X.; Qin, X. Y.; Zhang, H. R.; He, Y. -B.; Li, B. H.; Ke, L.; Lv, W.; Du, H. D.; Yang, Q. -H.; Kang, F. Y. Multilayered silicon embedded porous carbon/graphene hybrid film as a high performance anode. Carbon 2015, 84, 434-443.
DOI Google Scholar
15

Wu, S. P.; Han, C. P.; Iocozzia, J.; Lu, M. J.; Ge, R. Y.; Xu, R.; Lin, Z. Q. Germanium-based nanomaterials for rechargeable batteries. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 7898-7922.
DOI Google Scholar
16

Yu, W. J.; Zhang, L. L.; Hou, P. X.; Li, F.; Liu, C.; Cheng, H. M. High reversible lithium storage capacity and structural changes of Fe2O3 nanoparticles confined inside carbon nanotubes. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1501755.
DOI Google Scholar
17

Han, C. P.; Yang, D.; Yang, Y. K.; Jiang, B. B.; He, Y. J.; Wang, M. Y.; Song, A. -Y.; He, Y. -B.; Li, B. H.; Lin, Z. Q. Hollow titanium dioxide spheres as anode material for lithium ion battery with largely improved rate stability and cycle performance by suppressing the formation of solid electrolyte interface layer. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 13340-13349.
DOI Google Scholar
18

Zhou, F.; Xin, S.; Liang, H. -W.; Song, L. -T.; Yu, S. -H. Carbon nanofibers decorated with molybdenum disulfide nanosheets: Synergistic lithium storage and enhanced electrochemical performance. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 11552-11556.
DOI Google Scholar
19

Li, X. F.; Wang, C. L. Engineering nanostructured anodes via electrostatic spray deposition for high performance lithium ion battery application. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 165-182.
DOI Google Scholar
20

Yang, S. L.; Cao, C. Y.; Li, G.; Sun, Y. B.; Huang, P. P.; Wei, F. F.; Song, W. G. Improving the electrochemical performance of Fe3O4 nanoparticles via a double protection strategy through carbon nanotube decoration and graphene networks. Nano Res. 2015, 8, 1339-1347.
DOI Google Scholar
21

Qin, X. Y.; Zhang, H. R.; Wu, J. X.; Chu, X. D.; He, Y. -B.; Han, C. P.; Miao, C.; Wang, S.; Li, B. H.; Kang, F. Y. Fe3O4 nanoparticles encapsulated in electrospun porous carbon fibers with a compact shell as high-performance anode for lithium ion batteries. Carbon 2015, 87, 347-356.
DOI Google Scholar
22

Cheng, Y. -T.; Verbrugge, M. W. The influence of surface mechanics on diffusion induced stresses within spherical nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 104, 083521.
DOI Google Scholar
23

Fei, H. L.; Peng, Z. W.; Li, L.; Yang, Y.; Lu, W.; Samuel, E. L. G.; Fan, X. J.; Tour, J. M. Preparation of carbon-coated iron oxide nanoparticles dispersed on graphene sheets and applications as advanced anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Nano Res. 2014, 7, 502-510.
DOI Google Scholar
24

Wang, Z. Y.; Luan, D. Y.; Madhavi, S.; Hu, Y.; Lou, X. W. Assembling carbon-coated α-Fe2O3 hollow nanohorns on the CNT backbone for superior lithium storage capability. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 5252-5256.
DOI Google Scholar
25

He, Y.; Huang, L.; Cai, J. -S.; Zheng, X. -M.; Sun, S. -G. Structure and electrochemical performance of nanostructured Fe3O4/carbon nanotube composites as anodes for lithium ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 1140-1144.
DOI Google Scholar
26

Yu, W. -J.; Zhang, L. L.; Hou, P. -X.; Li, F.; Liu, C.; Cheng, H. -M. High reversible lithium storage capacity and structural changes of Fe2O3 nanoparticles confined inside carbon nanotubes. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1501755.
DOI Google Scholar
27

Chen, X. H.; Lai, X.; Hu, J. H.; Wan, L. An easy and novel approach to prepare Fe3O4-reduced graphene oxide composite and its application for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 62913-62920.
DOI Google Scholar
28

Chen, Y.; Xia, H.; Lu, L.; Xue, J. M. Synthesis of porous hollow Fe3O4 beads and their applications in lithium ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 5006-5012.
DOI Google Scholar
29

Qu, Q. T.; Chen, J. M.; Li, X. X.; Gao, T.; Shao, J.; Zheng, H. H. Strongly coupled 1D sandwich-like C@Fe3O4@C coaxial nanotubes with ultrastable and high capacity for lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 18289-18295.
DOI Google Scholar
30

Xu, Y.; Feng, J. D.; Chen, X. C.; Kierzek, K.; Liu, W. B.; Tang, T.; Mijowska, E. Beaded structured CNTs-Fe3O4@C with low Fe3O4 content as anode materials with extra enhanced performances in lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 28864-28869.
DOI Google Scholar
31

Lee, S. H.; Yu, S. H.; Lee, J. E.; Jin, A. H.; Lee, D. J.; Lee, N.; Jo, H.; Shin, K.; Ahn, T. Y.; Kim, Y. W. et al. Self-assembled Fe3O4 nanoparticle clusters as high-performance anodes for lithium ion batteries via geometric confinement. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 4249-4256.
DOI Google Scholar
32

Zuo, Y. T.; Wang, G.; Peng, J.; Li, G.; Ma, Y. Q.; Yu, F.; Dai, B.; Guo, X. H.; Wong, C. -P. Hybridization of graphene nanosheets and carbon-coated hollow Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 2453-2460.
DOI Google Scholar
33

Liu, J. L.; Qian, D.; Feng, H. B.; Li, J. H.; Jiang, J. B.; Peng, S. J.; Liu, Y. C. Designed synthesis of TiO2-modified iron oxides on/among carbon nanotubes as a superior lithium-ion storage material. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 11372-11381.
DOI Google Scholar
34

Cabana, J.; Monconduit, L.; Larcher, D.; Palacín, M. R. Beyond intercalation-based Li-ion batteries: The state of the art and challenges of electrode materials reacting through conversion reactions. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, E170-E192.
DOI Google Scholar
35

Li, X. W.; Qiao, L.; Li, D.; Wang, X. H.; Xie, W. H.; He, D. Y. Three-dimensional network structured α-Fe2O3 made from a stainless steel plate as a high-performance electrode for lithium ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 6400-6406.
DOI Google Scholar
36

Aurbach, D. Review of selected electrode-solution interactions which determine the performance of Li and Li ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2000, 89, 206-218.
DOI Google Scholar
37

Ding, C.; Zeng, Y. W.; Cao, L. L.; Zhao, L. F.; Meng, Q. Y. Porous Fe3O4-NCs-in-carbon nanofoils as high-rate and high-capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries from Na-citrate-mediated growth of super-thin Fe-ethylene glycolate nanosheets. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 7977-7990.
DOI Google Scholar
38

Han, F.; Ma, L. J.; Sun, Q.; Lei, C.; Lu, A. H. Rationally designed carbon-coated Fe3O4 coaxial nanotubes with hierarchical porosity as high-rate anodes for lithium ion batteries. Nano Res. 2014, 7, 1706-1717.
DOI Google Scholar
39

Meunier, V.; Kephart, J.; Roland, C.; Bernholc, J. Ab Initio investigations of lithium diffusion in carbon nanotube systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 88, 075506.
DOI Google Scholar
40

Guo, C.; Wang, L. L.; Zhu, Y. C.; Wang, D. F.; Yang, Q. Q.; Qian, Y. T. Fe3O4 nanoflakes in an N-doped carbon matrix as high-performance anodes for lithium ion batteries. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 10123-10129.
DOI Google Scholar
41

Mao, J. W.; Hou, X. H.; Wang, X. Y.; He, G. N.; Shao, Z. P.; Hu, S. J. Corncob-shaped ZnFe2O4/C nanostructures for improved anode rate and cycle performance in lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 31807-31814.
DOI Google Scholar
42

Ma, F. X.; Hu, H.; Wu, H. B.; Xu, C. Y.; Xu, Z. C.; Zhen, L.; Lou, X. W. Formation of uniform Fe3O4 hollow spheres organized by ultrathin nanosheets and their excellent lithium storage properties. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4097-4101.
DOI Google Scholar
43

Xia, T.; Xu, X. L.; Wang, J. P.; Xu, C. B.; Meng, F. C.; Shi, Z.; Lian, J.; Bassat, J. -M. Facile complex-coprecipitation synthesis of mesoporous Fe3O4 nanocages and their high lithium storage capacity as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 2015, 160, 114-122.
DOI Google Scholar
44

He, C. N.; Wu, S.; Zhao, N. Q.; Shi, C. S.; Liu, E. Z.; Li, J. J. Carbon-encapsulated Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a high-rate lithium ion battery anode material. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 4459-4469.
DOI Google Scholar
45

Meng, X. F.; Xu, Y. L.; Sun, X. F.; Wang, J.; Xiong, L. L.; Du, X. F.; Mao, S. C. Graphene oxide sheets-induced growth of nanostructured Fe3O4 for a high-performance anode material of lithium ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 12938-12946.
DOI Google Scholar
46

Ma, F. X.; Wu, H. B.; Xu, C. Y.; Zhen, L.; Lou, X. W. Self-organized sheaf-like Fe3O4/C hierarchical microrods with superior lithium storage properties. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 4411-4414.
DOI Google Scholar
47

Jiao, J. Q.; Qiu, W. D.; Tang, J. G.; Chen, L. P.; Jing, L. Y. Synthesis of well-defined Fe3Os nanorods/N-doped graphene for lithium-ion batteries. Nano Res. 2016, 9, 1256-1266.
DOI Google Scholar
48

Zhang, W. -M.; Wu, X. -L.; Hu, J. -S.; Guo, Y. -G.; Wan, L. -J. Carbon coated Fe3O4 nanospindles as a superior anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 3941-3946.
DOI Google Scholar
49

Lee, J. E.; Yu, S. -H.; Lee, D. J.; Lee, D. -C.; Han, S. I.; Sung, Y. -E.; Hyeon, T. Facile and economical synthesis of hierarchical carbon-coated magnetite nanocomposite particles and their applications in lithium ion battery anodes. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 9528-9533.
DOI Google Scholar
50

Zhu, T.; Chen, J. S.; Lou, X. W. Glucose-assisted one-pot synthesis of FeOOH nanorods and their transformation to Fe3O4@carbon nanorods for application in lithium ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 9814-9820.
DOI Google Scholar
51

Hu, Y. Y.; Liu, Z. G.; Nam, K. W.; Borkiewicz, O. J.; Cheng, J.; Hua, X.; Dunstan, M. T.; Yu, X. Q.; Wiaderek, K. M.; Du, L. S. et al. Origin of additional capacities in metal oxide lithium-ion battery electrodes. Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 1130-1136.
DOI Google Scholar
52

Wei, W.; Yang, S. B.; Zhou, H. X.; Lieberwirth, I.; Feng, X. L.; Müllen, K. 3D graphene foams cross-linked with preencapsulated Fe3O4 nanospheres for enhanced lithium storage. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 2909-2914.
DOI Google Scholar
53

Luo, J. S.; Liu, J. L.; Zeng, Z. Y.; Ng, C. F.; Ma, L. J.; Zhang, H.; Lin, J. Y.; Shen, Z. X.; Fan, H. J. Three-dimensional graphene foam supported Fe3O4 lithium battery anodes with long cycle life and high rate capability. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 6136-6143.
DOI Google Scholar
54

Grugeon, S.; Laruelle, S.; Dupont, L.; Tarascon, J. M. An update on the reactivity of nanoparticles Co-based compounds towards Li. Solid State Sci. 2003, 5, 895-904.
DOI Google Scholar
55

Do, J. -S.; Weng, C. -H. Preparation and characterization of CoO used as anodic material of lithium battery. J. Power Sources 2005, 146, 482-486.
DOI Google Scholar
56

Zhou, G. M.; Wang, D. -W.; Li, F.; Zhang, L. L.; Li, N.; Wu, Z. -S.; Wen, L.; Lu, G. Q.; Cheng, H. -M. Graphene-wrapped Fe3O4 anode material with improved reversible capacity and cyclic stability for lithium ion batteries. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 5306-5313.
DOI Google Scholar
57

Zhu, K.; Wang, Q.; Kim, J. -H.; Pesaran, A. A.; Frank, A. J. Pseudocapacitive lithium-ion storage in oriented anatase TiO2 nanotube arrays. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 11895-11899.
DOI Google Scholar
58

Adelhelm, P.; Hu, Y. -S.; Antonietti, M.; Maier, J.; Smarsly, B. M. Hollow Fe-containing carbon fibers with tubular tertiary structure: Preparation and Li-storage properties. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 1616-1620.
DOI Google Scholar
59

Wang, L.; Yu, Y.; Chen, P. C.; Zhang, D. W.; Chen, C. H. Electrospinning synthesis of C/Fe3O4 composite nanofibers and their application for high performance lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2008, 183, 717-723.
DOI Google Scholar
60

Zhou, J. S.; Song, H. H.; Ma, L. L.; Chen, X. H. Magnetite/graphene nanosheet composites: Interfacial interaction and its impact on the durable high-rate performance in lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv. 2011, 1, 782-791.
DOI Google Scholar
61

Wu, Y.; Wei, Y.; Wang, J. P.; Jiang, K. L.; Fan, S. S. Conformal Fe3O4 sheath on aligned carbon nanotube scaffolds as high-performance anodes for lithium ion batteries. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 818-823.
DOI Google Scholar
62

Balaya, P.; Li, H.; Kienle, L.; Maier, J. Fully reversible homogeneous and heterogeneous Li storage in RuO2 with high capacity. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2003, 13, 621-625.
DOI Google Scholar
63

Zhukovskii, Y. F.; Balaya, P.; Kotomin, E. A.; Maier, J. Evidence for interfacial-storage anomaly in nanocomposites for lithium batteries from first-principles simulations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 96, 058302.
DOI Google Scholar
64

Laruelle, S.; Grugeon, S.; Poizot, P.; Dollé, M.; Dupont, L.; Tarascon, J. M. On the origin of the extra electrochemical capacity displayed by MO/Li cells at low potential. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2002, 149, A627-A634.
DOI Google Scholar
File
nr-11-2-892_ESM.pdf (2.4 MB)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 16 May 2017
Revised: 03 June 2017
Accepted: 06 June 2017
Published: 19 July 2017
Issue date: February 2018

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2014CB932400), Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the China Academy of Engineering Physics (Nos. U1330123 and U1401243), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51232005), and Shenzhen Technical Plan Project (No. JCYJ 20150529164918735).

Return