AI Chat Paper
Discover the SciOpen Platform and Achieve Your Research Goals with Ease.
There remains a pressing challenge in the fabrication of superior photocatalysts for light-driven water oxidation. Here, we designed and fabricated heterostructured TiO2/Fe2TiO5 hollow microspheres with single-, double-, closed-double-, triple-, and core-shell structures and different Fe/Ti molar ratios using a facile sequential templating approach. The closed-double-shelled TiO2/Fe2TiO5 hollow microspheres with 35% Fe exhibited the highest oxygen evolution reaction rate up to 375 μmol·g-1·h-1 and good stability for 5 h. The high performance can be attributed to the closed-double shell, which had more reactive sites and greater light-harvesting ability, self-supported thin shells with short charge-transfer paths, and a favorable staggered band alignment between the TiO2 and Fe2TiO5.
Grätzel, M. Photoelectrochemical cells. Nature 2001, 414, 338-344.
Lewis, N. S.; Nocera, D. G. Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 15729-15735.
Tüysüz, H.; Hwang, Y. J.; Khan, S. B.; Asiri, A. M.; Yang, P. D. Mesoporous Co3O4 as an electrocatalyst for water oxidation. Nano Res. 2013, 6, 47-54.
Bard, A. J.; Fox, M. A. Artificial photosynthesis: Solar splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen. Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 141-145.
Khaselev, O.; Turner, J. A. A monolithic photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical device for hydrogen production via water splitting. Science 1998, 280, 425-427.
Wang, M.; Ren, F.; Cai, G. X.; Liu, Y. C.; Shen, S. H.; Guo, L. J. Activating ZnO nanorod photoanodes in visible light by Cu ion implantation. Nano Res. 2014, 7, 353-364.
Liu, Q.; Wu, F. L.; Cao, F. R.; Chen, L.; Xie, X. J.; Wang, W. C.; Tian, W.; Li, L. A multijunction of ZnIn2S4 nanosheet/TiO2 film/Si nanowire for significant performance enhancement of water splitting. Nano Res. 2015, 8, 3524-3534.
Li, L. D.; Yan, J. Q.; Wang, T.; Zhao, Z. J.; Zhang, J.; Gong, J. L.; Guan, N. J. Sub-10 nm rutile titanium dioxide nanoparticles for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 5881.
Lee, S.; Lee, K.; Kim, W. D.; Lee, S.; Shin, D. J.; Lee, D. C. Thin amorphous TiO2 shell on CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots enhances photocatalysis of hydrogen evolution from water. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 23627-23634.
Bates, M. K.; Jia, Q. Y.; Ramaswamy, N.; Allen, R. J.; Mukerjee, S. Composite Ni/NiO-Cr2O3 catalyst for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 5467-5477.
Yamada, Y.; Yano, K.; Xu, Q. A.; Fukuzumi, S. Cu/Co3O4 nanoparticles as catalysts for hydrogen evolution from ammonia borane by hydrolysis. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 16456-16462.
Ran, J. R.; Zhang, J.; Yu, J. G.; Jaroniec, M.; Qiao, S. Z. Earth-abundant cocatalysts for semiconductor-based photocatalytic water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7787-7812.
Han, C.; Wang, Y. D.; Lei, Y. P.; Wang, B.; Wu, N.; Shi, Q.; Li, Q. In situ synthesis of graphitic-C3N4 nanosheet hybridized N-doped TiO2 nanofibers for efficient photocatalytic H2 production and degradation. Nano Res. 2015, 8, 1199-1209.
Lin, H. F.; Li, Y. Y.; Li, H. Y.; Wang, X. Multi-node CdS hetero-nanowires grown with defect-rich oxygen-doped MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets for efficient visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution. Nano Res. 2017, 10, 1377-1392.
Ma, X. Y.; Li, J. Q.; An, C. H.; Feng, J.; Chi, Y. H.; Liu, J. X.; Zhang, J.; Sun, Y. G. Ultrathin Co(Ni)-doped MoS2 nanosheets as catalytic promoters enabling efficient solar hydrogen production. Nano Res. 2016, 9, 2284-2293.
Ma, S. S. K.; Maeda, K.; Abe, R.; Domen, K. Visible-light-driven nonsacrificial water oxidation over tungsten trioxide powder modified with two different cocatalysts. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 8390-8397.
Wang, J. R.; Osterloh, F. E. Limiting factors for photochemical charge separation in BiVO4/Co3O4, a highly active photocatalyst for water oxidation in sunlight. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 9405-9411.
Frame, F. A.; Townsend, T. K.; Chamousis, R. L.; Sabio, E. M.; Dittrich, T.; Browning, N. D.; Osterloh, F. E. Photocatalytic water oxidation with nonsensitized IrO2 nanocrystals under visible and UV light. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 7264-7267.
Zhu, T.; Wu, H. B.; Wang, Y. B.; Xu, R.; Lou, X. W. Formation of 1D hierarchical structures composed of Ni3S2 nanosheets on CNTs backbone for supercapacitors and photocatalytic H2 production. Adv. Energy Mater. 2012, 2, 1497-1502.
Hamann, T. W. Splitting water with rust: Hematite photoelectrochemistry. Dalton Trans. 2012, 41, 7830-7834.
Sivula, K. Metal oxide photoelectrodes for solar fuel production, surface traps, and catalysis. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 1624-1633.
Wang, Y. B.; Wang, Y. S.; Jiang, R. R.; Xu, R. Cobalt phosphate-ZnO composite photocatalysts for oxygen evolution from photocatalytic water oxidation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2012, 51, 9945-9951.
Xie, Y. P.; Liu, G.; Yin, L. C.; Cheng, H. M. Crystal facet- dependent photocatalytic oxidation and reduction reactivity of monoclinic WO3 for solar energy conversion. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 6746-6751.
Qi, J.; Zhao, K.; Li, G. D.; Gao, Y.; Zhao, H. J.; Yu, R. B.; Tang, Z. Y. Multi-shelled CeO2 hollow microspheres as superior photocatalysts for water oxidation. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 4072-4077.
Zhu, J. X.; Yin, Z. Y.; Yang, D.; Sun, T.; Yu, H.; Hoster, H. E.; Hng, H. H.; Zhang, H.; Yan, Q. Y. Hierarchical hollow spheres composed of ultrathin Fe2O3 nanosheets for lithium storage and photocatalytic water oxidation. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 987-993.
Yang, J. X.; Wang, D. G.; Zhou, X.; Li, C. A theoretical study on the mechanism of photocatalytic oxygen evolution on BiVO4 in aqueous solution. Chem. —Eur. J. 2013, 19, 1320-1326.
Wang, D. A.; Hisatomi, T.; Takata, T.; Pan, C. S.; Katayama, M.; Kubota, J.; Domen, K. Core/shell photocatalyst with spatially separated co-catalysts for efficient reduction and oxidation of water. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 11252-11256.
Deng, J. J.; Lv, X. X.; Liu, J. Y.; Zhang, H.; Nie, K. Q.; Hong, C. H.; Wang, J. O.; Sun, X. H.; Zhong, J.; Lee, S. T. Thin-layer Fe2TiO5 on hematite for efficient solar water oxidation. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 5348-5356.
Bassi, P. S.; Chiam, S. Y.; Gurudayal; Barber, J.; Wong, L. H. Hydrothermal grown nanoporous iron based titanate, Fe2TiO5 for light driven water splitting. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 22490-22495.
Dong, Z. H.; Lai, X. Y.; Halpert, J. E.; Yang, N. L.; Yi, L. X.; Zhai, J.; Wang, D.; Tang, Z. Y.; Jiang, L. Accurate control of multishelled ZnO hollow microspheres for dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 1046-1049.
Dong, Z. H.; Ren, H.; Hessel, C. M.; Wang, J. Y.; Yu, R. B.; Jin, Q.; Yang, M.; Hu, Z. D.; Chen, Y. F.; Tang, Z. Y. et al. Quintuple-shelled SnO2 hollow microspheres with superior light scattering for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 905-909.
Qi, J.; Lai, X. Y.; Wang, J. Y.; Tang, H. J.; Ren, H.; Yang, Y.; Jin, Q.; Zhang, L. J.; Yu, R. B.; Ma, G. H. et al. Multi-shelled hollow micro-/nanostructures. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 6749-6773.
Wang, Y. W.; Yu, L.; Lou, X. W. Synthesis of highly uniform molybdenum-glycerate spheres and their conversion into hierarchical MoS2 hollow nanospheres for lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 7423-7426.
Lai, X. Y.; Li, J.; Korgel, B. A.; Dong, Z. H.; Li, Z. M.; Su, F. B.; Du, J. A.; Wang, D. General synthesis and gas-sensing properties of multiple-shell metal oxide hollow microspheres. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 2738-2741.
Li, Z. M.; Lai, X. Y.; Wang, H.; Mao, D.; Xing, C. J.; Wang, D. General synthesis of homogeneous hollow core-shell ferrite microspheres. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 2792-2797.
Wang, J. Y.; Yang, N. L.; Tang, H. J.; Dong, Z. H.; Jin, Q.; Yang, M.; Kisailus, D.; Zhao, H. J.; Tang, Z. Y.; Wang, D. Accurate control of multishelled Co3O4 hollow microspheres as high-performance anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 6417-6420.
Xu, S. M.; Hessel, C. M.; Ren, H.; Yu, R. B.; Jin, Q.; Yang, M.; Zhao, H. J.; Wang, D. α-Fe2O3 multi-shelled hollow microspheres for lithium ion battery anodes with superior capacity and charge retention. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 632-637.
Wang, J. Y.; Tang, H. J.; Ren, H.; Yu, R. B.; Qi, J.; Mao, D.; Zhao, H. J.; Wang, D. PH-regulated synthesis of multi-shelled manganese oxide hollow microspheres as supercapacitor electrodes using carbonaceous microspheres as templates. Adv. Sci. 2014, 1, 1400011.
Wang, J. Y.; Tang, H. J.; Zhang, L. J.; Ren, H.; Yu, R. B.; Jin, Q.; Qi, J.; Mao, D.; Yang, M.; Wang, Y. et al. Multi- shelled metal oxides prepared via an anion-adsorption mechanism for lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Energy 2016, 1, 16050.
Wang, J. Y.; Tang, H. J.; Wang, H.; Yu, R. B.; Wang, D. Multi-shelled hollow micro-/nanostructures: promising platforms for lithium-ion batteries. Mater. Chem. Front. 2017, 1, 414-430.
Li, H.; Ma, H. R.; Yang, M.; Wang, B.; Shao, H.; Wang, L.; Yu, R. B.; Wang, D. Highly controlled synthesis of multi- shelled NiO hollow microspheres for enhanced lithium storage properties. Mater. Res. Bull. 2017, 87, 224-229.
Zhang, J.; Ren, H.; Wang, J. Y.; Qi, J.; Yu, R. B.; Wang, D.; Liu, Y. L. Engineering of multi-shelled SnO2 hollow microspheres for highly stable lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 17673-17677.
Chen, M. J.; Wang, J. Y.; Tang, H. J.; Yang, Y.; Wang, B.; Zhao, H. J.; Wang, D. Synthesis of multi-shelled MnO2 hollow microspheres via an anion-adsorption process of hydrothermal intensification. Inorg. Chem. Front. 2016, 3, 1065-1070.
Wang, F.; Wang, J. Y.; Ren, H.; Tang, H. J.; Yu, R. B.; Wang, D. Multi-shelled LiMn2O4 hollow microspheres as superior cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Inorg. Chem. Front. 2016, 3, 365-369.
Ren, H.; Yu, R. B.; Wang, J. Y.; Jin, Q.; Yang, M.; Mao, D.; Kisailus, D.; Zhao, H. J.; Wang, D. Multishelled TiO2 hollow microspheres as anodes with superior reversible capacity for lithium ion batteries. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6679-6684.
Liu, Q. H.; He, J. F.; Yao, T.; Sun, Z. H.; Cheng, W. R.; He, S.; Xie, Y.; Peng, Y. H.; Cheng, H.; Sun, Y. F. et al. Aligned Fe2TiO5-containing nanotube arrays with low onset potential for visible-light water oxidation. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5122.
Fink, Y.; Winn, J. N.; Fan, S. H.; Chen, C. P.; Michel, J.; Joannopoulos, J. D.; Thomas, E. L. A dielectric omnidirectional reflector. Science 1998, 282, 1679-1682.
Dotan, H.; Kfir, O.; Sharlin, E.; Blank, O.; Gross, M.; Dumchin, I.; Ankonina, G.; Rothschild, A. Resonant light trapping in ultrathin films for water splitting. Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 158-164.
