Efficient and 1, 8-diiodooctane-free ternary organic solar cells fabricated via nanoscale morphology tuning using small-molecule dye additive

The ternary strategy for incorporating multiple photon-sensitive components into a single junction has emerged as an effective method for optimizing the nanoscale morphology and improving the device performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). In this study, efficient and stable ternary OSCs were achieved by introducing the small-molecule dye (5E, 5'E)-5, 5'-(4', 4"-(1, 2-diphenylethene-1, 2-diyl)bis(biphenyl-4', 4-diyl))bis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(3-ethyl-2-thioxothia zolidin-4-one) (BTPE-Rn) into poly[4, 8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1, 2-b: 4, 5-b']dithiophene-co-3-fluorothieno[3, 4-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate] (PTB7-Th): [6, 6]-phenyl C₇₁ butyric acid methyl ester (PC₇₁BM) blend films processed using a 1, 8-diiodooctane (DIO)-free solvent. The incorporation of BTPE-Rn enhanced the short-circuit current density and fill factor of the ternary OSCs compared with those of binary OSCs. An investigation of the optical, electronic, and morphological properties of the ternary blends indicated that the third component of BTPE-Rn not only promoted the photon utilization of blends through the energy-transfer process but also improved the electron mobility of the blends owing to the fullerene-rich nanophase optimization. More importantly, this ternary strategy of utilizing a small-molecule dye to replace the photounstable DIO additive enhanced the operational stability of the OSCs.