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Nano Research 2016, 9(10): 2875-2888 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1173-z
Research Article | Issue | Published: 09 July 2016

Hierarchically porous carbon foams for electric double layer capacitors

Show Author's Information Feng Zhang1,2,§,  Tianyu Liu2,§,  Guihua Hou1,  Tianyi Kou2,  Lu Yue1,  Rongfeng Guan1,  Yat Li1( )
Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu ProvinceYancheng Institute of TechnologyYancheng224051China
Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Cruz1156 High StreetSanta CruzCA95064USA

§ These authors contributed equally to this work.

Keywords:
hierarchically porous structure, glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan, light weight, carbon foam, electrical double layer capacitors
An erratum to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1212-9
Cite this article:
Zhang F, Liu T, Hou G, et al. Hierarchically porous carbon foams for electric double layer capacitors. Nano Research, 2016, 9(10): 2875-2888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1173-z
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Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

The growing demand for portable electronic devices means that lightweight power sources are increasingly sought after. Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are promising candidates for use in lightweight power sources due to their high power densities and outstanding charge/discharge cycling stabilities. Three-dimensional (3D) self-supporting carbon-based materials have been extensively studied for use in lightweight EDLCs. Yet, a major challenge for 3D carbon electrodes is the limited ion diffusion rate in their internal spaces. To address this limitation, hierarchically porous 3D structures that provide additional channels for internal ion diffusion have been proposed. Herein, we report a new chemical method for the synthesis of an ultralight (9.92 mg/cm3) 3D porous carbon foam (PCF) involving carbonization of a glutaraldehydecross-linked chitosan aerogel in the presence of potassium carbonate. Electron microscopy images reveal that the carbon foam is an interconnected network of carbon sheets containing uniformly dispersed macropores. In addition, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements confirm the hierarchically porous structure. Electrochemical data show that the PCF electrode can achieve an outstanding gravimetric capacitance of 246.5 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g, and a remarkable capacity retention of 67.5% was observed when the current density was increased from 0.5 to 100 A/g. A quasi-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor was fabricated via assembly of two pieces of the new PCF and was found to deliver an ultra-high power density of 25 kW/kg at an energy density of 2.8 Wh/kg. This study demonstrates the synthesis of an ultralight and hierarchically porous carbon foam with high capacitive performance.


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Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Hierarchically porous carbon foams for electric double layer capacitors

Show Author's information Feng Zhang1,2,§, Tianyu Liu2,§, Guihua Hou1, Tianyi Kou2, Lu Yue1, Rongfeng Guan1, Yat Li1( )
Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu ProvinceYancheng Institute of TechnologyYancheng224051China
Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Cruz1156 High StreetSanta CruzCA95064USA

§ These authors contributed equally to this work.

Abstract

The growing demand for portable electronic devices means that lightweight power sources are increasingly sought after. Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are promising candidates for use in lightweight power sources due to their high power densities and outstanding charge/discharge cycling stabilities. Three-dimensional (3D) self-supporting carbon-based materials have been extensively studied for use in lightweight EDLCs. Yet, a major challenge for 3D carbon electrodes is the limited ion diffusion rate in their internal spaces. To address this limitation, hierarchically porous 3D structures that provide additional channels for internal ion diffusion have been proposed. Herein, we report a new chemical method for the synthesis of an ultralight (9.92 mg/cm3) 3D porous carbon foam (PCF) involving carbonization of a glutaraldehydecross-linked chitosan aerogel in the presence of potassium carbonate. Electron microscopy images reveal that the carbon foam is an interconnected network of carbon sheets containing uniformly dispersed macropores. In addition, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements confirm the hierarchically porous structure. Electrochemical data show that the PCF electrode can achieve an outstanding gravimetric capacitance of 246.5 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g, and a remarkable capacity retention of 67.5% was observed when the current density was increased from 0.5 to 100 A/g. A quasi-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor was fabricated via assembly of two pieces of the new PCF and was found to deliver an ultra-high power density of 25 kW/kg at an energy density of 2.8 Wh/kg. This study demonstrates the synthesis of an ultralight and hierarchically porous carbon foam with high capacitive performance.

Keywords: hierarchically porous structure, glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan, light weight, carbon foam, electrical double layer capacitors

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Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 29 April 2016
Revised: 04 June 2016
Accepted: 07 June 2016
Published: 09 July 2016
Issue date: October 2016

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Jiangsu Government Scholarship for overseas studies, National Nature Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11204266 and 21276220), and Nature Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Nos. BK20141262 and BK20140463). The authors thank Dr. Tom Yuzvinsky from University of California, Santa Cruz for SEM images acquisition and acknowledge the W. M. Keck Center for Nanoscale Opto-fluidics for use of the FEI Quanta 3D Dual-beam scanning electron microscope. The authors also acknowledge Prof. Zhonghua Zhang from Shandong University for his help with BET characterization, Prof. Jin Z. Zhang from University of California, Santa Cruz, for offering the access to Reinshaw Raman spectrometer, Mr. Fuxin Wang from Sun Yat-sen University for TEM characterization, Prof. Xiaoxia Liu and Mr. Yu Song from Northeastern University for their generous help with AFM characterization.

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