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Nano Research 2015, 8(12): 3944-3953 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-015-0895-7
Research Article | Issue | Published: 17 November 2015

Remarkable anisotropic phonon response in uniaxially strained few-layer black phosphorus

Show Author's Information Yanlong Wang1,§,  Chunxiao Cong1,§,  Ruixiang Fei2,  Weihuang Yang1,  Yu Chen1,  Bingchen Cao1,  Li Yang2( ),  Ting Yu1,3( )
Division of Physics and Applied PhysicsSchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University637371Singapore
Department of PhysicsWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouri63130USA
Department of PhysicsFaculty of ScienceNational University of Singapore117542Singapore

§These authors contributed equally to this work.

Keywords:
anisotropy, density functional theory, black phosphorus, Raman spectroscopy, uniaxial strain
Cite this article:
Wang Y, Cong C, Fei R, et al. Remarkable anisotropic phonon response in uniaxially strained few-layer black phosphorus. Nano Research, 2015, 8(12): 3944-3953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-015-0895-7
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Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Black phosphorus (BP) is a good candidate for studying strain effects on twodimensional (2D) materials beyond graphene and transition-metal dichalcogenides. This is because of its particular ability to sustain high strain and remarkably anisotropic mechanical properties resulting from its unique puckered structure. We here investigate the dependence of lattice vibrational frequencies on crystallographic orientations in uniaxially strained few-layer BP by in-situ strained Raman spectroscopy. The out-of-plane Ag1 mode is sensitive to uniaxial strain along the near-armchair direction whereas the in-plane B2g and Ag2 modes are sensitive to strain in the near-zigzag direction. For uniaxial strains applied away from these directions, all three phonon modes are linearly redshifted. Our experimental observation is explained by the anisotropic influence of uniaxial tensile strain on structural properties of BP using density functional theory. This study demonstrates the possibility of selective tuning of in-plane and out-of-plane phonon modes in BP by uniaxial strain and makes strain engineering a promising avenue for extensively modulating the optical and mechanical properties of 2D materials.


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About this article

Remarkable anisotropic phonon response in uniaxially strained few-layer black phosphorus

Show Author's information Yanlong Wang1,§, Chunxiao Cong1,§, Ruixiang Fei2, Weihuang Yang1, Yu Chen1, Bingchen Cao1, Li Yang2( ), Ting Yu1,3( )
Division of Physics and Applied PhysicsSchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University637371Singapore
Department of PhysicsWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouri63130USA
Department of PhysicsFaculty of ScienceNational University of Singapore117542Singapore

§These authors contributed equally to this work.

Abstract

Black phosphorus (BP) is a good candidate for studying strain effects on twodimensional (2D) materials beyond graphene and transition-metal dichalcogenides. This is because of its particular ability to sustain high strain and remarkably anisotropic mechanical properties resulting from its unique puckered structure. We here investigate the dependence of lattice vibrational frequencies on crystallographic orientations in uniaxially strained few-layer BP by in-situ strained Raman spectroscopy. The out-of-plane Ag1 mode is sensitive to uniaxial strain along the near-armchair direction whereas the in-plane B2g and Ag2 modes are sensitive to strain in the near-zigzag direction. For uniaxial strains applied away from these directions, all three phonon modes are linearly redshifted. Our experimental observation is explained by the anisotropic influence of uniaxial tensile strain on structural properties of BP using density functional theory. This study demonstrates the possibility of selective tuning of in-plane and out-of-plane phonon modes in BP by uniaxial strain and makes strain engineering a promising avenue for extensively modulating the optical and mechanical properties of 2D materials.

Keywords: anisotropy, density functional theory, black phosphorus, Raman spectroscopy, uniaxial strain

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Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 21 July 2015
Revised: 06 September 2015
Accepted: 08 September 2015
Published: 17 November 2015
Issue date: December 2015

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by MOE Tier 2 (No. MOE2012- T2-2-049) and MOE Tier 1 (No. MOE2013-T1-2-235). R. X. Fei and L. Yang acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) (No. DMR-1207141) and NSF CAREER (No. DMR-1455346).

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