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Research Article

Magnetic and optical properties of NaGdF4: Nd3+, Yb3+, Tm3+ nanocrystals with upconversion/downconversion luminescence from visible to the near-infrared second window

Xianwen Zhang1,§, Zhi Zhao2,§, Xin Zhang3, David B. Cordes4,5, Brandon Weeks3, Bensheng Qiu6, Kailasnath Madanan7,8, Dhiraj Sardar7, Jharna Chaudhuri1( )
Department of Mechanical EngineeringTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexas79409USA
Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
Department of Chemical EngineeringTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexas79409USA
Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexas79409USA
EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. AndrewsKY16 9STUK
School of Information Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas78249USA
International School of PhotonicsCochin University of Science and TechnologyKochi682022India

§These authors contributed equally.

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Graphical Abstract

Abstract

We have designed and synthesized NaGdF4: Nd3+, Yb3+, Tm3+ magnetic nanophosphors with combined dual-mode downconversion (DC) and upconversion (UC) photoluminescence upon 800 nm excitation. Hexagonal-phase NaGdF4: Nd3+, Yb3+, Tm3+ nanocrystals (NCs) with an average size of 21 nm were synthesized using a solvothermal approach. Nd3+, Yb3+, Tm3+ triple-doped NaGdF4 NCs exhibit a broad range of photoluminescence peaks covering a near infrared first/second window (860–900, 1, 000, and 1, 060 nm), and visible emission including blue (475 nm), green (520 and 542 nm) and yellow (587 nm) after excitation at 800 nm. A mechanism involving circulation of energy over Gd3+ sublattices as bridge ions and final trapping by the initial activator ions (Nd3+) has been proposed. Penetration depth studies indicate that NIR emission is easily detected even at a large tissue thickness of 10 mm. These paramagnetic nanophosphors demonstrate a large magnetization value of 1.88 emu/g at 20 kOe and longitudinal relaxivity value of 1.2537 mM-1·S-1 as a T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. These NaGdF4: Nd3+, Yb3+, Tm3+ NCs are promising for applications in biological and magnetic resonance imaging.

Keywords

near-infrared secondwindowphotoluminescenceenergy transfernanocrystals

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Nano Research
Volume 8 Issue 2,
February 2015
Pages 636-648
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-014-0548-2
Cite this article:
Zhang X, Zhao Z, Zhang X, et al. Magnetic and optical properties of NaGdF4: Nd3+, Yb3+, Tm3+ nanocrystals with upconversion/downconversion luminescence from visible to the near-infrared second window. Nano Research, 2015, 8(2): 636-648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-014-0548-2

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Received: 16 April 2014
Revised: 23 July 2014
Accepted: 26 July 2014
Published: 09 September 2014
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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