Journal Home > Volume 5 , Issue 2
Nano Research 2012, 5(2): 109-116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-011-0190-1
Research Article | Issue | Published: 28 December 2011

Functionalization of Silicon Nanowire Surfaces with Metal–Organic Frameworks

Show Author's Information Nian Liu1,  Yan Yao2,  Judy J. Cha2,  Matthew T McDowell2,  Yu Han3,  Yi Cui2,4( )
Department of Chemistry Stanford UniversityStanford, California 94305 USA
Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford UniversityStanford, California 94305 USA
Advanced Membrane and Porous Materials Center King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA
Keywords:
Silicon nanowire, nanocomposite, surface modification, metal-organic framework, step-by-step
Cite this article:
Liu N, Yao Y, Cha JJ, et al. Functionalization of Silicon Nanowire Surfaces with Metal–Organic Frameworks. Nano Research, 2012, 5(2): 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-011-0190-1
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

496

Views

23

Downloads

Citations

63

Crossref

N/A

WoS

62

Scopus

10

CSCD

Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and silicon nanowires (SiNWs) have been extensively studied due to their unique properties; MOFs have high porosity and specific surface area with well-defined nanoporous structure, while SiNWs have valuable one-dimensional electronic properties. Integration of the two materials into one composite could synergistically combine the advantages of both materials and lead to new applications. We report the first example of a MOF synthesized on surface-modified SiNWs. The synthesis of polycrystalline MOF-199 (also known as HKUST-1) on SiNWs was performed at room temperature using a step-by-step (SBS) approach, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy elemental mapping were used to characterize the material. Matching of the SiNW surface functional groups with the MOF organic linker coordinating groups was found to be critical for the growth. Additionally, the MOF morphology can by tuned by changing the soaking time, synthesis temperature and precursor solution concentration. This SiNW/MOF hybrid structure opens new avenues for rational design of materials with novel functionalities.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Functionalization of Silicon Nanowire Surfaces with Metal–Organic Frameworks

Show Author's information Nian Liu1, Yan Yao2, Judy J. Cha2, Matthew T McDowell2, Yu Han3, Yi Cui2,4( )
Department of Chemistry Stanford UniversityStanford, California 94305 USA
Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford UniversityStanford, California 94305 USA
Advanced Membrane and Porous Materials Center King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and silicon nanowires (SiNWs) have been extensively studied due to their unique properties; MOFs have high porosity and specific surface area with well-defined nanoporous structure, while SiNWs have valuable one-dimensional electronic properties. Integration of the two materials into one composite could synergistically combine the advantages of both materials and lead to new applications. We report the first example of a MOF synthesized on surface-modified SiNWs. The synthesis of polycrystalline MOF-199 (also known as HKUST-1) on SiNWs was performed at room temperature using a step-by-step (SBS) approach, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy elemental mapping were used to characterize the material. Matching of the SiNW surface functional groups with the MOF organic linker coordinating groups was found to be critical for the growth. Additionally, the MOF morphology can by tuned by changing the soaking time, synthesis temperature and precursor solution concentration. This SiNW/MOF hybrid structure opens new avenues for rational design of materials with novel functionalities.

Keywords: Silicon nanowire, nanocomposite, surface modification, metal-organic framework, step-by-step

References(46)

1

Li, H.; Eddaoudi, M.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. Design and synthesis of an exceptionally stable and highly porous metal–organic framework. Nature 1999, 402, 276–279.
DOI Google Scholar
2

Eddaoudi, M.; Moler, D. B.; Li, H. L.; Chen, B. L.; Reineke, T. M.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. Modular chemistry: Secondary building units as a basis for the design of highly porous and robust metal–organic carboxylate frameworks. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 319–330.
DOI Google Scholar
3

Yaghi, O. M.; O'Keeffe, M.; Ockwig, N. W.; Chae, H. K.; Eddaoudi, M.; Kim, J. Reticular synthesis and the design of new materials. Nature 2003, 423, 705–714.
DOI Google Scholar
4

Kitagawa, S.; Kitaura, R.; Noro, S. Functional porous coordination polymers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 2334–2375.
DOI Google Scholar
5

Eddaoudi, M.; Kim, J.; Rosi, N.; Vodak, D.; Wachter, J.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. Systematic design of pore size and functionality in isoreticular MOFs and their application in methane storage. Science 2002, 295, 469–472.
DOI Google Scholar
6

Rosi, N. L.; Eckert, J.; Eddaoudi, M.; Vodak, D. T.; Kim, J.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. Hydrogen storage in microporous metal–organic frameworks. Science 2003, 300, 1127–1129.
DOI Google Scholar
7

Millward, A. R.; Yaghi, O. M. Metal–organic frameworks with exceptionally high capacity for storage of carbon dioxide at room temperature. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 17998–17999.
DOI Google Scholar
8

Murray, L. J.; Dinca, M.; Long, J. R. Hydrogen storage in metal–organic frameworks. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 1294–1314.
DOI Google Scholar
9

Chen, B. L.; Liang, C. D.; Yang, J.; Contreras, D. S.; Clancy, Y. L.; Lobkovsky, E. B.; Yaghi, O. M.; Dai, S. A Microporous metal–organic framework for gas-chromatographic separation of alkanes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 1390–1393.
DOI Google Scholar
10

Li, J. R.; Kuppler, R. J.; Zhou, H. C. Selective Gas Adsorption and separation in metal–organic frameworks. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 1477–1504.
DOI Google Scholar
11

Seo, J. S.; Whang, D.; Lee, H.; Jun, S. I.; Oh, J.; Jeon, Y. J.; Kim, K. A homochiral metal–organic porous material for enantioselective separation and catalysis. Nature 2000, 404, 982–986.
DOI Google Scholar
12

Kreno, L. E.; Hupp, J. T.; Van Duyne, R. P. Metal–organic framework thin film for enhanced localized surface plasmon resonance gas sensing. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 8042–8046.
DOI Google Scholar
13

Lu, G.; Hupp, J. T. Metal–organic frameworks as sensors: A ZIF-8 based Fabry–Perot device as a selective sensor for chemical vapors and gases. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 7832–7833.
DOI Google Scholar
14

Horcajada, P.; Serre, C.; Maurin, G.; Ramsahye, N. A.; Balas, F.; Vallet-Regi, M.; Sebban, M.; Taulelle, F.; Ferey, G. Flexible porous metal–organic frameworks for a controlled drug delivery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6774–6780.
DOI Google Scholar
15

Della Rocca, J.; Liu, D. M.; Lin, W. B. Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks for biomedical imaging and drug delivery. Acc. Chem. Res. 2011, 44, 957–968.
DOI Google Scholar
16

Chae, H. K.; Siberio-Perez, D. Y.; Kim, J.; Go, Y.; Eddaoudi, M.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M.; Matzger, A. J. A Route to high surface area, porosity and inclusion of large molecules in crystals. Nature 2004, 427, 523–527.
DOI Google Scholar
17

Jahan, M.; Bao, Q. L.; Yang, J. X.; Loh, K. P. Structure-directing role of graphene in the synthesis of metal–organic framework nanowire. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 14487–14495.
DOI Google Scholar
18

Cui, Y.; Lieber, C. M. Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowire building blocks. Science 2001, 291, 851–853.
DOI Google Scholar
19

Cui, Y.; Wei, Q. Q.; Park, H. K.; Lieber, C. M. Nanowire nanosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of biological and chemical species. Science 2001, 293, 1289–1292.
DOI Google Scholar
20

Tian, B. Z.; Zheng, X. L.; Kempa, T. J.; Fang, Y.; Yu, N. F.; Yu, G. H.; Huang, J. L.; Lieber, C. M. Coaxial silicon nanowires as solar cells and nanoelectronic power sources. Nature 2007, 449, 885–889.
DOI Google Scholar
21

Chan, C. K.; Peng, H. L.; Liu, G.; McIlwrath, K.; Zhang, X. F.; Huggins, R. A.; Cui, Y. High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 31–35.
DOI Google Scholar
22

Hochbaum, A. I.; Chen, R. K.; Delgado, R. D.; Liang, W. J.; Garnett, E. C.; Najarian, M.; Majumdar, A.; Yang, P. D. Enhanced thermoelectric performance of rough silicon nanowires. Nature 2008, 451, 163–167.
DOI Google Scholar
23

Chui, S. S. Y.; Lo, S. M. F.; Charmant, J. P. H.; Orpen, A. G.; Williams, I. D. A chemically functionalizable nanoporous material [Cu3(TMA)2(H2O)3]n. Science 1999, 283, 1148–1150.
DOI Google Scholar
24

Rowsell, J. L. C.; Yaghi, O. M. Effects of functionalization, catenation, and variation of the metal oxide and organic linking units on the low-pressure hydrogen adsorption properties of metal–organic frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 1304–1315.
DOI Google Scholar
25

Shekhah, O.; Wang, H.; Kowarik, S.; Schreiber, F.; Paulus, M.; Tolan, M.; Sternemann, C.; Evers, F.; Zacher, D.; Fischer, R. A.; Woll, C. Step-by-step route for the synthesis of metal–organic frameworks. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 15118–15119.
DOI Google Scholar
26

Shekhah, O.; Wang, H.; Zacher, D.; Fischer, R. A.; Woll, C. Growth mechanism of metal–organic frameworks: Insights into the nucleation by employing a step-by-step route. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 5038–5041.
DOI Google Scholar
27

Bétard, A. l.; Fischer, R. A. Metal–organic framework thin films: From fundamentals to applications. Chem. Rev., in press, DOI: 10.1021/cr200167v.
DOI Google Scholar
28

Biemmi, E.; Darga, A.; Stock, N.; Bein, T. Direct growth of Cu3(btc)2(H2O)3·xH2O thin films on modified QCM–gold electrodes–water sorption isotherms. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. 2008, 114, 380–386.
DOI Google Scholar
29

Lu, G.; Farha, O. K.; Kreno, L. E.; Schoenecker, P. M.; Walton, K. S.; Van Duyne, R. P.; Hupp, J. T. Fabrication of metal–organic framework-containing silica-colloidal crystals for vapor sensing. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 4449–4452.
DOI Google Scholar
30

Arslan, H. K.; Shekhah, O.; Wohlgemuth, J.; Franzreb, M.; Fischer, R. A.; Wöll, C. High-throughput fabrication of uniform and homogenous MOF coatings. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 4228–4231.
DOI Google Scholar
31

Britt, D.; Tranchemontagne, D.; Yaghi, O. M. Metal–organic frameworks with high capacity and selectivity for harmful gases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 2008, 105, 11623–11627.
DOI Google Scholar
32

Morales, A. M.; Lieber, C. M. A laser ablation method for the synthesis of crystalline semiconductor nanowires. Science 1998, 279, 208–211.
DOI Google Scholar
33

Huang, M. H.; Wu, Y. Y.; Feick, H.; Tran, N.; Weber, E.; Yang, P. D. Catalytic growth of zinc oxide nanowires by vapor transport. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 113–116.
DOI
34

Pan, Z. W.; Dai, Z. R.; Wang, Z. L. Nanobelts of semiconducting oxides. Science 2001, 291, 1947–1949.
DOI Google Scholar
35

Dick, K. A.; Deppert, K.; Karlsson, L. S.; Wallenberg, L. R.; Samuelson, L.; Seifert, W. A new understanding of Au-assisted growth of Ⅲ–Ⅴ semiconductor nanowires. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 1603–1610.
DOI Google Scholar
36

Hannon, J. B.; Kodambaka, S.; Ross, F. M.; Tromp, R. M. The influence of the surface migration of gold on the growth of silicon nanowires. Nature 2006, 440, 69–71.
DOI Google Scholar
37

Wang, Y. W.; Schmidt, V.; Senz, S.; Gosele, U. Epitaxial growth of silicon nanowires using an aluminium catalyst. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2006, 1, 186–189.
DOI Google Scholar
38

Karimi, B.; Zamani, A.; Abedia, S.; Clark, J. H. Aerobic oxidation of alcohols using various types of immobilized palladium catalyst: The synergistic role of functionalized ligands, morphology of support, and solvent in generating and stabilizing nanoparticles. Green Chem. 2009, 11, 109–119.
DOI Google Scholar
39

Zacher, D.; Schmid, R.; Woll, C.; Fischer, R. A. Surface chemistry of metal–organic frameworks at the liquid–solid interface. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 176–199.
DOI Google Scholar
40

Hermes, S.; Zacher, D.; Baunemann, A.; Woll, C.; Fischer, R. A. Selective growth and MOCVD loading of small single crystals of MOF-5 at alumina and silica surfaces modified with organic self-assembled monolayers. Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 2168–2173.
DOI Google Scholar
41

Centrone, A.; Yang, Y.; Speakman, S.; Bromberg, L.; Rutledge, G. C.; Hatton, T. A. Growth of metal–organic frameworks on polymer surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 15687–15691.
DOI Google Scholar
42

Park, K. S.; Ni, Z.; Cote, A. P.; Choi, J. Y.; Huang, R. D.; Uribe-Romo, F. J.; Chae, H. K.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. Exceptional chemical and thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 10186–10191.
DOI Google Scholar
43

Wang, B.; Cote, A. P.; Furukawa, H.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. Colossal cages in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks as selective carbon dioxide reservoirs. Nature 2008, 453, 207–211.
DOI Google Scholar
44

Phan, A.; Doonan, C. J.; Uribe-Romo, F. J.; Knobler, C. B.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. Synthesis, structure, and carbon dioxide capture properties of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks. Acc. Chem. Res. 2010, 43, 58–67.
DOI Google Scholar
45

Zacher, D.; Liu, J. N.; Huber, K.; Fischer, R. A. Nanocrystals of [Cu3(btc)2] (HKUST-1): A combined time-resolved light scattering and scanning electron microscopy study. Chem. Commun. 2009, 1031–1033.
DOI Google Scholar
46

Millange, F.; Medina, M. I.; Guillou, N.; Ferey, G.; Golden, K. M.; Walton, R. I. Time-resolved in situ diffraction study of the solvothermal crystallization of some prototypical metal–organic frameworks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 763–766.
DOI Google Scholar
File
nr-5-2-109_ESM.pdf (1,019.3 KB)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 14 November 2011
Accepted: 29 November 2011
Published: 28 December 2011
Issue date: February 2012

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

YC acknowledges the support from ONR and KAUST Investigator Award (NO. KUS-l1-01-12). A portion of this work was supported by the Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515 through the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory LDRD project. MTM acknowledges support from the Chevron Stanford Graduate Fellowship, the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, and the National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship.

Return