Multi-Scale Deep Cascade Bi-Forest for Electrocardiogram Biometric Recognition

Electrocardiogram (ECG) biometric recognition has emerged as a hot research topic in the past decade. Although some promising results have been reported, especially using sparse representation learning (SRL) and deep neural network, robust identification for small-scale data is still a challenge. To address this issue, we integrate SRL into a deep cascade model, and propose a multi-scale deep cascade bi-forest (MDCBF) model for ECG biometric recognition. We design the bi-forest based feature generator by fusing L1-norm sparsity and L2-norm collaborative representation to efficiently deal with noise. Then we propose a deep cascade framework, which includes multi-scale signal coding and deep cascade coding. In the former, we design an adaptive weighted pooling operation, which can fully explore the discriminative information of segments with low noise. In deep cascade coding, we propose level-wise class coding without backpropagation to mine more discriminative features. Extensive experiments are conducted on four small-scale ECG databases, and the results demonstrate that the proposed method performs competitively with state-of-the-art methods.