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Review | Open Access

Beyond Thermal Comfort: A Comprehensive Review of Multifunctional Personal Thermal Management Wearables

Zhihan Zhang1 , Haiwen Luan1,2 ( )
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Abstract

Personal thermal management (PTM) has emerged as a vital frontier for protecting individual health, mitigating societal energy burdens, and combating global climate change. Although traditionally focused on passive textiles for localized thermal comfort, the rapid evolution of stretchable, rigid‐flex bioelectronics has redefined the contemporary PTM landscape. Grounded in a statistical analysis of recent literature, this review establishes an expanded scope for PTM comprising four interconnected aspects: thermal sensing, thermal regulation, thermal therapy, and thermal energy harvesting. Although fundamental thermodynamic regulation remains the operational core, modern wearables increasingly leverage multifunctional material platforms for versatile and practical applications—ranging from physiological diagnosis and regulation to experiential demands of virtual and augmented reality. We systematically examine practical thermal regulation strategies, summarize emerging functional material platforms, and analyze application‐centered outcomes across diverse scenarios in both comfort and non‐comfort. Finally, we address critical bottlenecks hindering the transition from laboratory prototypes to industrial products, offering a forward‐looking perspective on the evolution from passive textiles toward multimodal, biomimetic, and data‐driven intelligent closed‐loop wearable systems.

Graphical Abstract

Regulation strategies, material platforms, and application scenarios of personal thermal management wearables.

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FlexTech
Pages 48-79

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Cite this article:
Zhang Z, Luan H. Beyond Thermal Comfort: A Comprehensive Review of Multifunctional Personal Thermal Management Wearables. FlexTech, 2026, 2(2): 48-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/fle2.70018

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Received: 30 June 2026
Revised: 14 August 2026
Accepted: 17 August 2026
Published: 27 August 2026
© 2026 The Author(s).

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.