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Challenges and perspectives on high and intermediate-temperature sodium batteries

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Abstract

Energy storage systems are selected depending on factors such as storage capacity, available power, discharge time, self-discharge, efficiency, or durability. Additional parameters to be considered are safety, cost, feasibility, and environmental aspects. Sodium-based batteries (Na–S, NaNiCl2) typically require operation temperatures of 300–350 °C. The high operating temperatures substantially increase the operating costs and raise safety issues. This updated review describes the state-of-the-art materials for high-temperature sodium batteries and the trends towards the development and optimization of intermediate and low-temperature devices. Recent advances in inorganic solid electrolytes, glass-ceramic electrolytes, and polymer solid electrolytes are of immense importance in all-solid-state sodium batteries. Systems such as Na+ super ionic conductor (NASICON, Na1+xZr2P3–xSi x O12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 3)), glass-ceramic 94Na3PS4·6Na4SiS4, and polyethylene oxide (PEO)–sodium triflate (NaCF3SO3) are also discussed. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are also included as novel electrolyte solvents. This update discusses the progress of on-going strategies to enhance the conductivity, optimize the electrolyte/electrode interface, and improve the cell design of emerging technologies. This work aims to cover the recent advances in electrode and electrolyte materials for sodium–sulfur and sodium–metal-halide (zeolite battery research Africa project (ZEBRA)) batteries for use at high and intermediate temperatures.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Basque Government (No. GV IT570-13), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (No. MAT2016-78266-P) and sponsored by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box. 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain

    Karina B. Hueso, Verónica Palomares & Teófilo Rojo

  2. CIC ENERGIGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Álava, Albert Einstein 48, ED.CIC, 01510, Miñano, Spain

    Michel Armand & Teófilo Rojo

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  1. Karina B. Hueso
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Correspondence to Teófilo Rojo.

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Hueso, K.B., Palomares, V., Armand, M. et al. Challenges and perspectives on high and intermediate-temperature sodium batteries. Nano Res. 10, 4082–4114 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1602-7

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