@article{Li2026, 
author = {Yunluo Li and Xianghui Meng and Qiyun Xu and Chen Xiong and Ran Xu and Hao Lu and Xiaodong Bai and Zhuang Yang and Hongyan Liu},
title = {ELMERF: A deep-learning-assisted hydroponic RGB phenotyping framework for rice seedling salt-stress evaluation and genetic mapping},
year = {2026},
journal = {Plant Phenomics},
volume = {8},
number = {3},
pages = {100258},
keywords = {Rice, Salt stress, Semantic segmentation, Deep learning, Genome-wide association analysis},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1016/j.plaphe.2026.100258},
doi = {10.1016/j.plaphe.2026.100258},
abstract = {Rice seedling salt-tolerance evaluation commonly relies on visual scoring or destructive assays, which are subjective, labor-intensive, and difficult to standardize for population-level analysis. This study developed a new deep-learning-assisted hydroponic RGB phenotyping framework for standardized salt-stress evaluation and genetic mapping in rice seedlings. The framework integrates controlled hydroponic cultivation, RGB imaging, RicePhenoSeg-assisted annotation and trait extraction, ELMERF-based semantic segmentation, and image-derived quantification of salt-induced shoot injury. Using this framework, we constructed the Rice Seedling-Salt RGB Dataset (RSSD), which contains green shoot tissues, yellow shoot tissues, roots, and background from hydroponically grown rice seedlings. Based on RSSD, ELMERF achieved a mean Intersection over Union of 51.4% and a mean Accuracy of 89.5%, outperforming nine representative segmentation models. We further defined shoot yellowing rate (SYR) as an image-derived quantitative trait describing visible salt-induced shoot injury. The framework was applied to 261 re-sequenced rice accessions for population-level phenotyping and genome-wide association analysis. Compared with standard evaluation score and seedling death rate, SYR showed a more continuous phenotypic distribution and detected 36 significant SNPs, including a major signal near the Saltol/OsHKT1; 5 region. Notably, 34 SYR-associated SNPs were not detected by conventional visual scores. Overall, this study provides a targeted hydroponic RGB phenotyping framework for standardized rice seedling salt-stress evaluation and genetic analysis.}
}