@article{HAN2026, 
author = {Xu HAN and Xiaotong SONG and Kunyu YU and Yiming LAI and Wenyue XU},
title = {A Three-Layer Collaborative Optimization Strategy for Virtual Power Plant Based on Multi-Agent Hybrid Game},
year = {2026},
journal = {Distributed Energy},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {29-42},
keywords = {flexible resources, virtual power plant (VPP), hybrid game, user aggregator (UA), electricity market},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.26110085},
doi = {10.16513/j.2096-2185.DE.26110085},
abstract = {To address the challenges of diversified participants in the electricity market and resolve conflicts of interest among multiple virtual power plants (VPPs), this paper proposes a three-layer hybrid game strategy involving the distribution system operator (DSO), virtual power plant operator (VPPO), and user aggregator (UA) to support collaborative optimization of multi-VPP systems. First, a UA coalition is formed by aggregating various flexible resources, including photovoltaic prosumers, electric vehicle charging stations, and integrated energy loads. Next, a three-layer hybrid game model is constructed, encompassing hierarchical energy transactions among DSO, VPPO, and UA, as well as peer-to-peer energy trading among UA entities, structured as a "Stackelberg game - Stackelberg game - cooperative game" framework. Finally, the proposed model is solved using the bisection method, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions, and the alternating direction multiplier method. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed multi-layer hybrid game strategy reduces the operating costs of the photovoltaic prosumer UA and the electric vehicle charging station UA by 4.5% and 15.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, guided by the dynamic pricing mechanism of the DSO, the total profit of the system operators increases by 2.7%. This strategy can effectively balance the interests of multiple stakeholders, optimizing the energy trading and benefit allocation mechanisms among different operators.}
}