@article{Hakeem2026, 
author = {Muhammad Farhan Hakeem and Shajar Abbas and Imran Siddique and Ilyas Khan and Mohsen Bakouri and Rashid Jan and Rakhmonjon Akhmadjonov and Rasul Turaev},
title = {A generalized multi-population model for Ebola virus transmission incorporating environmental reservoir dynamics},
year = {2026},
journal = {Infectious Medicine},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
keywords = {Ebola virus disease, Multi-population transmission model, Environmental contamination, Infectious disease dynamics, Bilinear incidence, Epidemiology},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1016/j.imj.2026.100278},
doi = {10.1016/j.imj.2026.100278},
abstract = {BackgroundEbola virus disease (EVD) remains a serious public health hazard due to high mortality, multiple modes of transmission, and persistence in the environment. The existing Ebola transmission models have been constrained to a single or two-population framework, which are insufficient to capture multiple-population interaction transmission structures.MethodsThis study proposes a multi-population autonomous Ebola transmission model with Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Hospitalized, Recovered, and Deceased infected corpse compartments and a shared viral reservoir in the environment. This model proposes that transmission is direct, hospital-acquired, corpse-mediated, and indirect environmental, and these modes are documented by a bilinear incidence formulation.ResultsPositivity and boundedness properties of solutions were established via a mathematical analysis, and the basic reproduction number was derived using the next-generation matrix approach. The analytical findings show that whereas supercritical transmission results in persistent behaviour and the occurrence of endemic equilibria under the suggested parameters, the disease-free equilibrium is stable under the subcritical transmission condition.ConclusionsThe numerical simulations support the applicability of the suggested multi-population paradigm for comprehending threshold-dependent Ebola transmission behaviour and show its qualitative dynamics under various transmission conditions.}
}