@article{Kong2026, 
author = {Weicheng Kong and Ximin Yuan and Yuling Lu and Nian Liu and Tao Fu and Yong He},
title = {Metallic reaction driven manufacturing of concrete type alloy},
year = {2026},
journal = {International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
keywords = {metallic reaction, nonenergy input, concrete-type alloy, concrete-type alloy},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1088/2631-7990/ae5137},
doi = {10.1088/2631-7990/ae5137},
abstract = {Conventional alloy fabrication typically relies on high–energy input to disrupt metallic bonds and reconfigure alloy structures. Here, a room–temperature (RT) metallic reaction strategy for the concrete-type alloy (CTA) is proposed, and the CTA exhibits a multiphase composite structure like concrete, which is defined as concrete type alloy (CTA). The negative Gibbs free energy condition is established in a multi–component metallic system, which facilitates the metallic reaction and forms the in situ CTA. The CTA consists of a base metal (Cu), gallium (Ga)-based liquid metal (LM, alloying agent), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, catalyst), which is achieved by solidification through a metallic reaction at RT. When combined with cold–isostatic–pressing (CIP) and secondary–phase strengthening technology, the CTA exhibits exceptional mechanical properties, and its nanohardness and elastic modulus reach 6 GPa and 150 GPa, respectively. This metallic reaction method can also be applied to other transition metal alloys at RT, establishing a new forming technology for metal alloys.}
}