@article{Li2026, 
author = {Yuguo Li and Ao Li and Wei Jia and Yi Wang},
title = {Ventilation Without A Meter: Energy, Health, and Buildings We Cannot Sense},
year = {2026},
journal = {Power and Energy Future},
volume = {1},
number = {3},
pages = {9650024},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.26599/PEF.2026.9650024},
doi = {10.26599/PEF.2026.9650024},
abstract = {Ventilation often accounts for 20%–40% of HVAC energy, yet most buildings verify outdoor-air supply once, i.e., at design or commissioning, rather than in the occupied zone. Too little outdoor air degrades indoor air quality and raises the risk of infection and reduced cognitive performance; too much locks in heating and cooling load for the life of the plant. Without a room-level measurement, the delivered rate is unknown, and operators gamble between waste and stale air. Humans cannot smell carbon dioxide or see respiratory aerosols, and they adapt within minutes to the odors they can detect, so occupants never generate the complaint signal that produced thermostats and smoke detectors. A century of chamber science was frozen into prescriptive per-person and per-area ventilation rates; a dedicated mammalian olfactory pathway for near-atmospheric CO2 was lost in haplorrhine primates, and many burrowing species became tolerant of high CO2 rather than better at metering it. A smoke-detector-class sensor in each occupied zone, coupled to dampers and to a dual performance rule, i.e., breathing-zone CO2 together with measured ventilation energy or heat-recovery effectiveness, would close that loop. Until outdoor air is metered where people breathe, claims that a building is both efficient and healthy remain hypotheses.}
}