@article{Okello2026, 
author = {Kenneth Okello and Elijah Mwangi and Ahmed Abd H. Malek},
title = {Unified p-norm detection and reliability-weighted fusion for mobility-robust CSS in dynamic clustered 5G NR vehicular network},
year = {2026},
journal = {Intelligent and Converged Networks},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
pages = {286-305},
keywords = {cognitive radio, cooperative spectrum sensing, p-norm detection, time-selective fading, weighted fusion, vehicular networks, 5G new radio (NR) mobility, reliability weighting, adaptive weighting},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.23919/ICN.2026.0014},
doi = {10.23919/ICN.2026.0014},
abstract = {This paper presents an analytical framework for clustered cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) in dynamic 5G new radio (NR) vehicular networks, accounting for time-selective Nakagami- m fading, mobility-induced decorrelation, and noisy reporting channels. We derive closed-form moments and detection probabilities for the  p-norm detector under Jakes’ Doppler model, extending prior static analyses to realistic vehicular mobility. At the cluster head, we compare two fusion schemes: reliability weighting (based on long-term secondary user (SU) performance) and adaptive weighting (based on instantaneous statistics, with finite-sample variance derived via delta method). Results show that adaptive weighting outperforms the benchmark equal-weighting scheme by up to 5 dB in required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to achieve probability of detection at the fusion center  PdFC≥0.7 under low-to-moderate SNR ( <10 dB) and high-mobility mmWave conditions (carrier frequency  fc=28 GHz, velocity  v≥110 km/h), owing to its robustness to Doppler-induced channel de-correlation via self-normalised weight computation. Reliability weighting is superior at high SNR ( ≥10 dB) and under low-mobility, near-AWGN conditions ( fc=3.5 GHz,  m≥6), where its lower-variance fixed-weight statistic yields more stable CFAR threshold calibration. Both proposed schemes consistently outperform the equal-weighting baselines across all three 5G NR configurations (3.5/28 GHz, 30/60/120 kHz sub-carrier spacing (SCS)) and vehicular speeds (70–150 km/h), providing mobility-aware design guidelines for next-generation cognitive radio systems.}
}