@article{Wang2026, 
author = {Sen Wang and Bin Liu and Haoxuan Zhu and Zhenzhen Feng and Guanhao Wu},
title = {Three-Dimensional Topography of Wafer Bumps Based on Microscopic Fringe Projection Profilometry},
year = {2026},
journal = {Nanomanufacturing and Metrology},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {20},
keywords = {Bump height, Microscopic fringe projection profilometry (MFPP), K-means clustering},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1007/s41871-026-00303-1},
doi = {10.1007/s41871-026-00303-1},
abstract = {Bumps are important structures for electrical interconnection and structural support between die-to-die and die-to-wafer interfaces in advanced packaging. Their height and coplanarity affect electrical performance and heat dissipation. In this study, a microscopic fringe projection profilometry (MFPP) measurement system is built and calibrated with high precision. Then, the proposed multi-exposure method based on intensity modulation threshold segmentation is compared with two existing methods. Highly reflective areas at bump tops are effectively measured, thereby facilitating three-dimensional bump data measurement. Thereafter, an automatic method of calculating the bump height and planarity based on K-means clustering segmentation is proposed. Experiments are conducted to verify the measurement accuracy of the system. The calculated bump heights in this paper are compared with those measured using a white-light interferometer. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves micron-level topography measurement of highly reflective bumps.}
}