@article{JIANG2026, 
author = {Wei JIANG and Yiyang CHEN and Hongtian CHEN and Bart De SCHUTTER},
title = {A unified framework for multi-agent formation with a non-repetitive leader: Adaptive control and iterative learning control},
year = {2026},
journal = {Chinese Journal of Aeronautics},
volume = {39},
number = {7},
keywords = {Adaptive observers, Formation control, Iterative learning control, Multi-agent systems, Unknown non-repetitive leader},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1016/j.cja.2026.104084},
doi = {10.1016/j.cja.2026.104084},
abstract = {Formation Tracking (FT) control is aimed at handling cooperative tasks in Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) to achieve desired performance. In these tasks, the leader’s input is generally nonzero and unknown to all followers, i.e., its trajectory can be arbitrary and non-repetitive. In this paper, the additive property of linear systems is exploited to develop a unified framework for FT tasks of MASs, consisting of Adaptive Observer-based Control (AOC) and Iterative Learning Control (ILC). An AOC controller is employed to guarantee a fixed-shape formation between the leader and followers during the whole process, which reserves the initial condition for ILC. And ILC is used to improve the FT performance of certain repetitive tasks (followers rotating around the leader) over the trials. This gives rise to a fully distributed algorithm working for a directed communication graph containing a spanning tree without requiring any eigenvalue information from the Laplacian matrix of the graph, which enables its application to MASs with a large number of agents. Comparison is made via a numerical simulation to show that the proposed combined AOC-ILC algorithm has less FT error than pure AOC (without ILC), which validates the feasibility and efficacy of this algorithm.}
}