@article{Sah2026, 
author = {Ashok Kumar Sah and Ranjay Kumar Choudhary and Velilyaeva Alie Sabrievna and Karomatov Inomdzhon Dzhuraevich and Anass M. Abbas and Manar G. Shalabi and Nadeem Ahmad Siddique and Raji Rubayyi Alshammari and Navjyot Trivedi and Rabab H. Elshaikh},
title = {Male Breast Cancer: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutics, and Future Prospective},
year = {2026},
journal = {Oncology Research},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {7},
keywords = {Male breast cancer, epidemiology, diagnostic strategies, molecular profiling, therapeutic advances, precision oncology, prognostic biomarkers, multiomics, personalized medicine},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.32604/or.2025.068238},
doi = {10.32604/or.2025.068238},
abstract = {Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, representing 0.5%–1% of all breast cancers, but its incidence is increasing due to improved diagnostics and awareness. MBC typically presents in older men, is human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, and lacks routine screening, leading to delayed diagnosis and advanced disease. Major risk factors include hormonal imbalance, radiation exposure, obesity, alcohol use, and Breast Cancer Gene 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) mutations. Clinically, it may resemble gynecomastia but usually appears as a unilateral, painless mass or nipple discharge. Advances in imaging and liquid biopsy have enhanced early detection. Molecular mechanisms involve hormonal signaling, HER2/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways, tumor suppressor gene alterations, and epigenetic changes. While standard treatments mirror those for female breast cancer, emerging options such as cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, immunotherapy, and precision medicine are reshaping management. Incorporating artificial intelligence, molecular profiling, and male-specific clinical trials is essential to improve outcomes and bridge current diagnostic and therapeutic gaps.}
}