@article{Li2026, 
author = {Changzhi Li and Shaoying Tang and Dongmei Xie and Qingqing Liu and Xueyuan Wu and Shuangquan Shao},
title = {Simulation and Optimization of Data-Center Cooling System with Naturally Cooled Reservoir Water},
year = {2026},
journal = {Journal of Refrigeration},
volume = {47},
number = {4},
pages = {62-70},
keywords = {data center, cooling system, natural water source, liquid cooling, energy-saving ratio},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20250522003},
doi = {10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20250522003},
abstract = {Owing to the transformation of data centers toward intelligent computing, the power density per cabinet has increased, leading to an increment in the proportion of cooling-energy consumption. Reducing the power-usage effectiveness (PUE) of data centers is crucial. This study proposes a cooling system that combines natural water sources with liquid-cooling technology. Considering a data center in Laibin, Guangxi as the research object, a system model is constructed to analyze the system performance under different control methods and operating conditions. Subsequently, it is compared with conventional water-cooled chiller cooling systems. The result shows that controlling the supply-air temperature through the chilled-water pump reduces energy consumption by approximately 10% energy and facilitates waste-heat utilization. Additionally, controlling the chilled water-supply temperature through the cooling water pump is more energy efficient, although the energy-saving ratio decreases as the reservoir water temperature increases. The natural water-source cooling system achieves an annual energy-saving rate of 73.5% with a cooling load factor of 0.05, which is lower than that of the conventional system. When the supply-air temperature setpoint is higher, the system energy consumption fluctuates less. Based on a comprehensive consideration, 28 ℃ is a suitable temperature. This study provides a reference for the design of green and energy-efficient data-center cooling systems.}
}