@article{Xia2026, 
author = {Yujuan Xia and Haihong Chen and Xin Qi and Haoxin Lin and Xiaoli Wu and Liming Shi},
title = {Research on Unified Energy Efficiency Evaluation Method for Heat Pumps and Electric Water Heaters Based on Dynamic Water Usage Mode},
year = {2026},
journal = {Journal of Refrigeration},
volume = {47},
number = {4},
pages = {78-89},
keywords = {heat pump water heater, storage type electric water heater, dynamic water usage mode, primary energy efficiency},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20250330002},
doi = {10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20250330002},
abstract = {To address the problems of inconsistent energy efficiency evaluation indicators between air-source heat pumps and storage-type electric water heaters in China, this study proposes a unified energy efficiency evaluation method based on 24-h dynamic water usage tests. Based on an analysis of the hot-water usage habits of Chinese residents, a typical water usage pattern was established that included water usage time distribution, temperature demand, and flow characteristics. A unified evaluation index based on primary energy utilization efficiency was also designed. Experimental verification shows that the primary energy efficiency of heat pump water heaters (67.7%-99.2%) is significantly higher than that of storage electric water heaters (31.5%-36.4%).}
}