TY  - JOUR
AU  - Rao, Mallela Ankamma
AU  - Jaradat, Emad K
AU  - Devi, Medisetty Padma
AU  - Dhandapani, Prasantha Bharathi
AU  - Martin-Barreiro, Carlos
AU  - Al-Hmoud, Mohannad
PY  - 2026
TI  - Mathematical modeling of COVID-19 and chronic kidney disease co-infection with vaccination and optimal control: a bifurcation and sensitivity analysis approach
JO  - AIMS Mathematics
SP  - 17239
EP  - 17292
VL  - 11
IS  - 6
AB  - Chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting approximately 843 million individuals globally, substantially increases susceptibility to severe COVID-19 outcomes, while SARS-CoV-2 infection independently accelerates renal deterioration through cytokine storms and microvascular injury. Despite this clinically significant bidirectional interaction, rigorous mathematical characterization of their co-dynamics within a unified framework integrating stability theory, bifurcation analysis, and optimal control remains limited. We formulated a seven-compartment deterministic model incorporating CKD'S irreversibility, the enhanced blue susceptibility of CKD patients, and vaccine imperfection, calibrated against Indian epidemiological data. The basic reproduction number              R        0   was derived using the next-generation matrix method, and stability and bifurcation analysis were performed. Sensitivity analysis identified transmission and immunity waning as dominant drivers, while optimal control strategies significantly reduced co-infections and hospitalizations, demonstrating the effectiveness of coordinated intervention policies.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.3934/math.2026707
DO  - 10.3934/math.2026707