@article{Rosa-Bilbao2026, 
author = {Jesús Rosa-Bilbao},
title = {A Low-Code Orchestration Middleware for Secure and Transparent IoT–Blockchain Integration},
year = {2026},
journal = {Computers, Materials & Continua},
volume = {88},
number = {1},
keywords = {Low-code development platform, IoT–blockchain integration, distributed ledger technologies, workflow orchestration, smart-contract interaction, data integrity},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.32604/cmc.2026.080490},
doi = {10.32604/cmc.2026.080490},
abstract = {The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructures with Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) remains challenging due to the reliance on complex, tightly coupled back-end systems or centralized oracle services that hinder scalability, maintainability, and trust. This paper introduces a lightweight middleware architecture based on a Low-Code Development Platform (LCDP) that enables flexible and secure IoT-to-blockchain orchestration. We develop a custom workflow extension for the n8n platform that supports direct interaction with smart contracts, thereby removing the need for third-party oracle intermediaries. The proposed system was evaluated in a real-world deployment involving a network of Netatmo environmental sensors and the Alastria consortium blockchain. Experimental results show that the middleware can process 12 concurrent sensor data streams with an average end-to-end latency of 37.4 s, a delay dominated by the blockchain consensus time rather than middleware overhead, while ensuring the generation of immutable and verifiable audit trails. These findings demonstrate that low-code orchestration can deliver an effective, scalable, and fault-tolerant alternative for integrating IoT infrastructures with blockchain in Industry 4.0 environments.}
}