@article{Campos-Salazar2025, 
author = {José M. Campos-Salazar and Juan L. Aguayo-Lazcano and Roya Rafiezadeh},
title = {Non-ideal two-level battery charger—modeling and simulation},
year = {2025},
journal = {AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {60-80},
keywords = {electric vehicles, sensitivity analysis, power electronics, battery chargers, proportional-integral control, switching converters},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.3934/electreng.2025004},
doi = {10.3934/electreng.2025004},
abstract = {A comprehensive analysis of a two-level battery charger model is presented, focusing on its switched and averaged dynamics validated via MATLAB Simulink simulations. The system, powered by an 800 V DC source, is managed by a robust PI-compensated feedback loop, delivering minimal ripple, rapid transient response, and high stability under varying load conditions. Results demonstrate precise battery current control with a 4 ms settling time for step changes and ripple levels kept below 0.16% for current and 2.4% for capacitor voltage. Sensitivity analyses highlight the impact of non-ideal resistances—such as MOSFET on-resistance and inductor resistance—on efficiency and equilibrium voltage stability. Stability and loop gain studies confirm robust control performance, with all poles positioned in the stable region of the s-plane, ensuring reliable operation. This work provides key insights for designing high-efficiency, stable battery chargers and supports the use of advanced control techniques to further enhance converter performance.}
}