@article{Zhang2026, 
author = {Qiang Zhang and Weiye Pan and Xu Gao and Xiaocheng Wang and Jiaxin He and Jian Chen and Xian Lin and Shibai Xiao and Fan Pan and Qingwen Wang},
title = {FAPα targeted liposomal delivery of Toosendanin enables G2/M phase arrest for effective rheumatoid arthritis therapy},
year = {2026},
journal = {Nano Research},
volume = {19},
number = {11},
pages = {94909013},
keywords = {rheumatoid arthritis, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, targeting delivery, Toosendanin},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.26599/NR.2026.94909013},
doi = {10.26599/NR.2026.94909013},
abstract = {Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovial inflammation and hyperplasia, which is predominantly driven by abnormal activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS). Current therapeutic strategies are frequently plagued by major limitations such as suboptimal efficacy and adverse effects. In the present study, a novel nanotherapeutic system (TSN-FLP) was developed by encapsulating Toosendanin (TSN) into liposomes capable of recognizing fibroblast activation protein-α (FAPα), enabling targeted delivery to RA-FLS. The therapeutic potential and its underlying mechanism of TSN-FLP was systematically investigated. The findings indicated that TSN-FLP notably inhibited the proliferation of RA-FLS by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. This was accompanied by downregulating cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), which is involved in the crucial regulatory pathway of cell cycle progression. Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed that TSN-FLP administration effectively alleviated joint swelling, attenuated cartilage and bone erosion, and reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as evidenced by histopathological analysis, micro-computed tomography (CT) imaging, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Collectively, these preclinical findings provide compelling evidence that TSN-FLP exerts a potent therapeutic effect on RA while maintaining a favorable safety profile. Thus, TSN-FLP represents a promising candidate for the development of novel therapeutic interventions against rheumatoid arthritis.}
}