TY  - JOUR
AU  - Biswas, Md Abu Sayeed
AU  - Geronimo, Andrew
AU  - Cheng, Huanyu
PY  - 2026
TI  - A perspective on CO2 gas sensing — from environments to the skin interface
JO  - Journal of Materiomics
SN  - 2352-8478
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
AB  - Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a universal indicator of biological, chemical, and physiological processes, yet it plays a multifaceted role, from regulating global climate to reflecting human cellular activities. The accurate and continuous measurement technologies of CO2 have evolved along separate paths: environmental CO2 monitors to biomedical sensors for respiratory or blood gas assessment. While environmental monitoring and clinical capnography are well established, translating these technologies to continuous, non-invasive transcutaneous CO2 (tcCO2) sensing remains challenging due to skin-interface instability, humidity interference, and diffusion-limited transport. This perspective will discuss design principles from ambient CO2 sensors with emerging materials and architectures for wearable tcCO2 platforms. This perspective also discusses sensor technologies and methods, their integration into systems, the physiological and skin-interface challenges, and the engineering trade-offs for wearables. We also outline recent advances, identify key gaps, and propose a roadmap for future wearable CO2 sensors for transcutaneous monitoring.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2026.101228
DO  - 10.1016/j.jmat.2026.101228