@article{Sun2026, 
author = {Hua-ao Sun and Wanghuai Zhu and Fuzhou Song and Guangran Lin and Yujie Zhang and Yuxi Meng and Yue Xu and Lingcui Zhang and Yan Shen and Jinbo Zhao and Ze-ming Qi and Feng Shi},
title = {Effect of TiO2 doping on dielectric properties and temperature stability of Ca3(BO3)2 microwave ceramics with feasibility simulation for 5G antennas},
year = {2026},
journal = {Journal of Materiomics},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
keywords = {Temperature stability, Microwave dielectric ceramics, Microstrip patch antenna, TiO2 doping, Low-permittivity},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1016/j.jmat.2026.101201},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmat.2026.101201},
abstract = {Low-perittivity (1–x)Ca3(BO3)2–xTiO2 (CBTO, x = 0–0.25) ceramics were fabricated via cold sintering. Phase composition was confirmed by XRD. The effects of TiO2 doping on the dielectric properties and temperature stability (τf) were systematically investigated. Guided by lattice dynamics, phonon characteristics were probed using Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. Eight Raman-active and ten infrared-active modes were identified. A four-parameter semi-quantum model successfully extracted the intrinsic dielectric parameters, revealing that vibrations related to Ca2+ (Mode 4) contributed most significantly (21.89% to εr, 32% to loss). TiO2 addition effectively tuned τf from −39.89 × 10−6 ℃−1 towards zero. This comprehensive phonon analysis established a clear structure–property relationship. The optimal composition (x = 0.20) exhibited a balanced performance: εr = 10.56, Q × f = 10,896 GHz, and τf = −6.58 × 10−6 ℃−1. To demonstrate practical utility, a 5G microstrip patch antenna was designed using this ceramic. The antenna resonated at 9.97 GHz with excellent impedance matching (S11 = −49.56 dB) and a peak gain of 6.39 dBi. These results confirm CBTO ceramics as a promising candidate for temperature-stable, high-frequency applications.}
}