@article{Wang2026, 
author = {Ning Wang and Zebin Zhu and Hao Zheng and Can Qi and Xiaodong Yuan and Xuefeng Li and Zhijun Xu and Jiwei Qin and Wei Wu and Jizhou Wang and Ruipeng Song and Zhiyong Guo and Lianxin Liu and Shu‐Geng Zhang and Björn Nashan},
title = {Standardized Management Pathway to Prevent Acute Rejection After Liver Transplantation Following ICI Therapy for Downstaging HCC},
year = {2026},
journal = {Health Care Science},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {196-206},
keywords = {acute rejection, enhanced recovery after liver transplantation, hepatocellular carcinoma, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, immunosuppression protocol, perioperative protocol, quality management, standardized management pathway},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1002/hcs2.70071},
doi = {10.1002/hcs2.70071},
abstract = {BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown promise in downstaging hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for liver transplantation (LT), enabling previously ineligible patients to meet transplant criteria. However, their use raises concerns about post‐transplant acute rejection (AR) based on data lacking information regarding standardized management pathways and notably perioperative protocols, including immunosuppression protocols and monitoring.MethodsThis study evaluated 59 LT recipients divided into three groups (two control groups), including 13 ICI‐exposed patients (third group). All groups followed a standardized immunosuppression protocol and monitoring embedded into an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol, featuring basiliximab and steroid induction, early mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTOR) use, and reduced tacrolimus dosing.ResultsDespite varied ICI washout intervals (median 36 days), no AR episodes were observed in any group. One‐year overall survival and recurrence‐free survival were 93%/85% and 100%/85% in standard patients, and 77%/69% in ICI‐exposed patients, respectively. The most frequent complications were biliary and infectious, with no significant intergroup differences.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that in a standardized clinical pathway with structured immunosuppressive protocols, therapeutic drug monitoring, and early complication surveillance, LT can be safely performed after ICI exposure without increasing rejection risk. The study underscores the need for standardized clinical pathways and consistent reporting of immunosuppressive regimens to optimize outcomes in this emerging patient population.}
}