@article{Mughees2024, 
author = {Anam Mughees and Muhammad Kamran},
title = {Novel Fractal-Based Features for Low-Power Appliances in Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring},
year = {2024},
journal = {Computers, Materials & Continua},
volume = {80},
number = {1},
pages = {507-526},
keywords = {Nonintrusive load monitoring, multi-fractal analysis, appliance classification, switching transients},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.32604/cmc.2024.051820},
doi = {10.32604/cmc.2024.051820},
abstract = {Non-intrusive load monitoring is a method that disaggregates the overall energy consumption of a building to estimate the electric power usage and operating status of each appliance individually. Prior studies have mostly concentrated on the identification of high-power appliances like HVAC systems while overlooking the existence of low-power appliances. Low-power consumer appliances have comparable power consumption patterns, which can complicate the detection task and can be mistaken as noise. This research tackles the problem of classification of low-power appliances and uses turn-on current transients to extract novel features and develop unique appliance signatures. A hybrid feature extraction method based on mono-fractal and multi-fractal analysis is proposed for identifying low-power appliances. Fractal dimension, Hurst exponent, multifractal spectrum and the Hölder exponents of switching current transient signals are extracted to develop various ‘turn-on’ appliance signatures for classification. Four classifiers, i.e., deep neural network, support vector machine, decision trees, and K-nearest neighbours have been optimized using Bayesian optimization and trained using the extracted features. The simulated results showed that the proposed method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art feature extraction methods across all optimized classifiers, achieving an accuracy of up to 96 % in classifying low-power appliances.}
}