@article{Jebali2025, 
author = {Maher Jebali and Lamia Trabelsi and Haifa Harrouch and Rabab Triki and Shawky Mohamed},
title = {Development of deep learning-based models highlighting the significance of non-manual features in sign language recognition},
year = {2025},
journal = {AIMS Mathematics},
volume = {10},
number = {9},
pages = {20084-20112},
keywords = {CNN, CTC, recurrent neural network, sign language recognition, head pose},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.3934/math.2025898},
doi = {10.3934/math.2025898},
abstract = {The quality of recognition systems for sign language utterances has significantly improved in recent years for the benefit of hearing-impaired people. Nevertheless, research initiatives frequently overlook particular linguistic characteristics of sign languages, such as nonmanual utterances. Nonmanual articulations are an essential element of all sign languages. They encompass not only many elements of facial expression but also ocular gaze, as well as the position of the head and the upper body movements. This study assessed the efficacy of a recognition system utilizing a single video camera about nonmanual features. We presented a two-stage pipeline utilizing 2D body joint locations derived from red, green, blue (RGB) camera data. The initial pipeline examined heteroscedastic head pose network (HHP-net), a technique for calculating head direction from individual frames utilizing a HHP-net to ascertain an individual's head position from a limited number of head keypoints. In the second pipeline, we presented a kinematic hand pose rectification method for enforcing constraints to enhance the realism of hand skeletal representations. Next, we examined spatial-temporal graph convolutional networks and multi-modal long short-term memory to use multi-articulatory information (e.g., body, right hand, and left hand) for the recognition of sign glosses. We trained an spatiotemporal graph convolutional network (ST-GCN) model to learn representations from the upper body and hands. The suggested method was subsequently assessed using two publicly available datasets, the RWTH-PHOENIX-Weather and the Chinese sign language (CSL), featuring a range of nonmanual utterances. By examining several data forms and network characteristics, we identified word segments with 92.8% accuracy from the underlying body joint movement data. The research showed a 17.8% word error rate for whole sentence predictions, a significant improvement from ground truth scores based on labeling that ignored nonmanual content.}
}