@article{Nordin2025, 
author = {Azmeer Nordin and Mohd Salmi Md Noorani and Nurulkamal Masseran and Mohd Sabri Ismail and Nur Firyal Roslan},
title = {Cosine similarity and orthogonality of persistence diagrams},
year = {2025},
journal = {AIMS Mathematics},
volume = {10},
number = {9},
pages = {21080-21103},
keywords = {persistence diagram, persistence landscape, cosine similarity, orthogonality, persistent homology, topological data analysis},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.3934/math.2025942},
doi = {10.3934/math.2025942},
abstract = {Topological data analysis is an approach to study the shape of a data set by means of topology. Its main object of study is the persistence diagram, which represents the topological features of the data set at different spatial resolutions. Multiple data sets can be compared by the similarity of their diagrams to understand their behaviors relative to each other. The bottleneck and Wasserstein distances are often used as a tool to indicate the similarity. In this paper, we introduce the cosine similarity as a new indicator for the similarity between persistence diagrams and investigate its properties. Furthermore, it leads to the new notion of orthogonality between persistence diagrams. It turns out that the orthogonality refers to perfect dissimilarity between persistence diagrams under the cosine similarity. Through data demonstration, the cosine similarity is shown to be more accurate than the standard distances to measure the similarity between persistence diagrams.}
}