@article{Hu2026, 
author = {Na Hu and Wenke Zhang},
title = {The Sannia ruled surfaces generated by timelike curves under the alternative frame perspective},
year = {2026},
journal = {AIMS Mathematics},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {43-65},
keywords = {ruled surfaces, Sannia frame, developable surface, minimal surface, alternative frame},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.3934/math.2026003},
doi = {10.3934/math.2026003},
abstract = {In three-dimensional Minkowski space, a family of Sannia ruled surfaces is generated from the principal normal ruled surfaces, C-direction ruled surfaces, and Darboux ruled surfaces of timelike curves by employing the Sannia frame. This study thoroughly examines the developability and minimality of these surfaces and establishes the corresponding conditions. Finally, illustrative examples are presented through figures, which vividly demonstrate the geometric characteristics of Sannia ruled surfaces.}
}