@article{Benaissa2026, 
author = {Mhamed Benaissa and Esmail H. A. Al-Sabri and Maryam Iqbal and Walid Abdelfattah and Ghada A. Alsawah and Azmat Ullah Khan Niazi},
title = {Output formation containment of time-delayed heterogeneous singular multi-agent systems with stochastic impulsive effects},
year = {2026},
journal = {AIMS Mathematics},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {11706-11730},
keywords = {heterogeneous singular multi-agent systems, stochastic impulsive disturbances, formation containment, time delay},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.3934/math.2026482},
doi = {10.3934/math.2026482},
abstract = {This paper investigates the containment of output formation for heterogeneous singular multi-agent systems (MASs) subject to time delays and stochastic impulsive disturbances. The considered agents exhibit diverse dynamics, including descriptor-type tracking and algebraic systems, reflecting heterogeneity in state-space representations. Communication constraints are modeled via bounded state and input delays, while environmental uncertainties are captured through stochastic noise and impulsive effects occurring at arbitrary time instants. A distributed control protocol is proposed to achieve output formation containment, ensuring asymptotic convergence of follower outputs to a convex combination of leader outputs. The approach effectively addresses system singularities and uncertainties by employing a Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional combined with stochastic stability analysis. Sufficient conditions for mean-square admissibility and asymptotic convergence are derived. Numerical simulations validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control strategy under varying delays and impulsive conditions.}
}